Desiderata: Essential Facts of Life

Rashaunta Hunter Mrs. Cannon English IV- 1B 27 August 2009 â€Å"Essential Facts of Life† Written in the 20th century, â€Å"Desiderata† gives many different ways to live a positive life. The message of this poem explains’ how to get through many circumstances. The poem tells you how to become a better person. Once you read this poem, you will learn how to treat others. There are essential facts in this poem that helps you have a more joyful life. Avoiding loud and aggressive persons, comparing yourself with others, and being at peace with God, are statements from the poem â€Å"Desiderata† to encourage you to live a peaceful life.People shouldn’t associate themselves with negativity. If people desire to have more calm and peaceful lives, they should â€Å"avoid loud and aggressive persons they are vexations to the spirit. † I used to associate myself with people who were very loud and aggressive. Eventually I started acting just like them. O nce I started hanging out them, I would always be distracted and wouldn’t be focused on the things I really needed to be focused on. I would find myself being frustrated with every little thing and person.My grades were falling and I would always get suspended. When I decided to separate myself from all the negative people, I was more calm and relaxed. I was no longer frustrated. My grades rose back up. I even gained my respect back from my teachers. It is important to appreciate life. People shouldn’t always try to be better than others because â€Å"If you compare yourself with others, you may become vain and bitter. † Trying to compete with others will just make life more difficult.It’s possible to gain enemies by always comparing one’s self to another. When I was singing in the Gospel Company, I was a lead singer. There was a girl in my class who would always try to compete with my for a solo that was already given to me. She would compare her voice to mine. She would snap because I would always be recognized for a performance. She had a very talented voice. She ended up being very rude and bitter towards the class. I tried to talk to her but she would always brush me off.The class separated from her because she became vain and bitter. No matter what people imagine God to be, they shouldn’t have malice in their heart for God. Everyone faces obstacles in life, â€Å"Therefore be at peace with God, whatever you conceive him to be†. When I first my ACL, I was really hurt emotionally. My first doctor told me I couldn’t play basketball anymore. I wasn’t at peace with God because I felt as though he should have stopped this from happening to me. I gave up on all faith, hope, and belief.Coach Williams kept telling me that I shouldn’t blame God. She told me to keep praying. Coach sent me to another doctor. I had an ACL reconstruction. The doctor said I would be playing in six months. Once I foun d peace with God, everything began to come together for me. I wasn’t stressed or worried. Separating yourself from distractions and frustrations, coming together with each other instead of competing, and being at peace with God are essential facts from the poem â€Å"Desiderata† to give you a better look at life.People shouldn’t let others steal their joy. Everyone should enjoy life and everything it may bring. If everyone would just live, laugh, and love more, they would find themselves being happier. The world would be a more peaceful place if everyone lived by the essential facts of life. To find peace I one’s self, one must have peace with God. Always have faith and believe. The people of this world should come together as one no matter what race, religion, or ethnicity they are.

Shareholder Wealth Maximisation

SHAREHOLDER WEALTH MAXIMISATION: SUMMARY ‘Business Finance’ assumes that the objective of a company is to maximise shareholder wealth. This means that companies should attempt to maximise the value of the shareholders’ investment in the company. This is achieved by maximising ‘Total Shareholder Returns’: dividends and share price appreciation.The most powerful basis for understanding and measuring shareholder wealth is the ‘economic valuation model’, under which the value of the shareholders’ investment is measured as the present value of future cash flows that are attributable to the shareholders. This approach involves converting future cash flows into their equivalent value in today’s terms, by adjusting for the effect of the ‘time value of money’. The ‘time value of money’ concept refers to the reality that ? 100 today is worth more than ? 100 in a year’s time.This is for three reasons: à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Inflation: which reduces the purchasing power of money over time †¢ Consumption preference: we prefer to spend money now rather than wait to spend in the future †¢ Risk: this refers to the variability of future returns from an investment. This time value of money effect means that shareholders require a rate of return from their investment in a company which is sufficient compensation for the time value of money effect that they suffer. This rate of return is known as the ‘cost of capital’.For a company to create wealth for shareholders, it must generate a rate of return which exceeds the ‘cost of capital’. Arguments in favour of ‘shareholder wealth maximisation’ being the assumed objective of the company: †¢ Shareholders are the legal owners of the company †¢ Shareholders bear the risk †¢ Assuming competitive markets, maximising wealth of shareholders should ensure the interests of customers and employees are al so met †¢ Decision-making is simplified Arguments against shareholder wealth maximisation: Some argue it will lead to the interests of other stakeholders such as customers and employees being neglected (eg through selling poor quality, over-priced products and providing poor conditions and rates of pay to employees). However, in competitive markets, arguably the only way that companies will create wealth for shareholders is by selling products/services customers want to buy, and therefore customers’ interests cannot be ignored. Also, the way to ensure customers’ interests are met is arguably by ensuring staff are well motivated and properly trained.Furthermore, employees prospects of having a secure and well paid job are improved by working for a company that is financially successful. †¢ Some argue that it will lead to ‘short-termism’ (decisions that improve short-term profits at the expense of long-term value, such as reducing research and deve lopment and marketing investments). However, the concept of economic value means maximising shareholder wealth should mean that long-term and short-term performance is captured.

The role of women in Japanese Theatre and the portrayal of Japanese Essay

The role of women in Japanese Theatre and the portrayal of Japanese women in western theatre - Essay Example This persona has been carried forward into the Western traditions of portrayals of Japanese females in popular theater which is typified in â€Å"Madame Butterflyâ€Å". The performance of female parts in most Japanese theater is done by male actors. This tradition in both the kabuki and the bunraki is still primarily maintained today. However, the performance of the gidayu is a tradition that has included female performers since the late 16th or early 17th century (Coaldrake, 1997, pp. 13). The performance of the gidayu is similar to the oral traditions of story telling in the Western traditions. However, it is done in a chanting voice that emotes action and the furtherance of the story through a combination of this chanting and of song. The skill of the performer is measured by how well she engages her audience and helps them visualize the play without an actual visual performance. The performance is accompanied by an instrument that is played by the artist. This tradition is part of the geisha traditions and artistries as well as those who are dedicated solely to this type of performance. Traditionally, The Edo period, running from 1603 to 1868 saw a great deal of restrictions in the activities of all people, but even more so for women. During the late Edo period there were attempts to try and suppress global influences that might subvert the Japanese heritage and traditions. One of these attempts was through the suppression of extravagances in art, which included the public performances by women (Coaldrake, 1997, pp. 12). These attempts, however, were largely unsuccessful as seen through the remaining existence of this type of performance in Japan. The onnagata are male performers who portray female parts in the kabuki. The origins of the all male kabuki as the only kabuki did not occur until the early 17th century when in 1629 females were prohibited from performing. Previous to this time all female

Boiler Room Directed by Ben Younger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Boiler Room Directed by Ben Younger - Essay Example Upon entering JT Marlin’s offices that served as the short time brokerage firm in the New York’s outskirts, Seth meets cameo performances from Jay (Specogna 85). This performance gives him the resolution to pursue money with more vigor. His driving forces include the fractured relationship he had with his father and the love interests he began showing on Abbie. These two factors give him more motivation. His initial excellence further gives him the courage to sell and pursue the high commission. However, a few contacts in his business dealings start questioning the legitimacy of many firms. His latest stand only highlights strained association with his father. It also highlights the deterioration of morality in society (Specogna 85). Issues of morality are evident in the movie when Seth, who is a morally upright student, not only drops out of college but also disagrees with his harsh father. It is unfortunate that his father, who was a federal judge, considers him illeg itimate instead of supporting him through his college education. Ben Younger portrays the father as morally lacking. When Seth gets a stockbroker’s job, he puts in a lot of determination and hard work in his endeavors to be successful. However, things assume a worse turn when Seth discovers that the job he was doing failed to serve its purpose (Specogna 48). The director of this movie portrays Seth as a college student with high aspirations even after dropping from Queens College. He decides to operate a casino from his rented apartment as a source of revenue. However, this casino fails to meet Seth’s father’s expectations. As an obedient son, Seth considers either an approval or disapproval of his stern and adjudicating father very important. As a way of obeying the wishes of his father, Seth drops his casino business and decides to pursue a career in stock brokerage. He learns this idea from J.T Martin. Although he joined as a junior associate, he soon learned the idea of doing sales over the phone craft. His hard work and resilience nature soon earn him a senior broker’s position upon obtaining Series 7 license. He exudes success in his sales career and even registers for training that makes his earnings increase upon completion. However, he later learns that J.T Marlin’s earnings are excessively higher when compared with the average. This makes him develop suspicions for the business practices conducted by J.T Marlin. At this point, Seth realized that his entry into this sales profession was only to please his father. The reality was that he was in a wrong profession and was disappointed. This illustrates the immorality of choices. Parents who force their children into professions that they do not like are only acting immoral (Specogna 89). Legal and ethical conflicts of the movie Many opportunists in the society today would seek to take advantage of other persons especially the weak. The Boiler room movie illustrates thi s situation of the society through its several scenarios. The morality and ethical concepts within society are neglected in the movie in pursuit of status and profits. Seth Davis draws attention from the boiler room. Although he runs a successful gambling operation in his apartment, ethical issues of the business are highlighted as evident in the tender ages of clients. Besides, his father, who is a federal judge, feels embarrassed by his son’s choice of career.  Ã‚  

Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Law - Case Study Example the winner. Since football pools are meant for betting in favor one specific team or player, it comes under the definition of gambling. Section 6 (1) and (2) of the Gambling Act 2005 defines gaming in these words: Hence, the activity offered to Wilson is gambling, and does not come under the fold of sports at all. Consequently, the activity is illegal in the eyes of law and void agreement according to the statutes of Contract Act. There are two types of offer and acceptance to an agreements i.e. Express and Implied. Express offer or acceptance involves words, whether written or oral, and Implied form of agreement is considered on the basis of the performance of an act. Since, the cousin accepted the check from Sam, and did not protest against it, it means that he has accepted the terms and conditions of the offer made by Sam. Consequently, the cousin cannot claim any remedies against it, provided he accepted the terms and conditions of the agreement by receiving the check from the borrower i.e. Sam. Since Maureen could not seek any remedy against her supervisor, she had been under constant threat of sexual harassment, she could not get any solid or effective remedy against the harassment, she had to seek legal remedy from the court of law Since the management of Cameo Industries has established some rules within its workplace, they must have implemented these rules for the security and welfare of the staff members on the one hand, and for the growth and discipline of the organization on the other. The employment law, Lester (2001) argues, can and should play an important role in providing feasible ways for families to balance the conflicting demands of work and care-giving obligations, particularly as women continue to seek full participation in the workforce. Though the company had no powers to announce legal penalty to the

Random drug testing at school Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Random drug testing at school - Research Paper Example 827). Based on a study that Ringwalt and colleagues had done in 2005 but reported only in 2008, a substantial proportion of schools in the United States are implementing random drug testing. As early as 2005, author Neil McKeganey has observed that random drug-testing has been not only practiced but also widely-developed not only within the United States but also within the United Kingdom (12). ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF DRUG-TESTING. Based on the work of James-Burdumy and colleagues, random drug-testing at schools is being promoted because it can reduce student substance abuse in three ways (xviii). First, it is a deterrent because if students are sufficiently aware of ongoing random tests, the random tests will lead them to eventually stop using drugs or abusing substances. Second, by detecting substance abuse, mandatory and random drug testing can identify users for appropriate treatment or counseling. Finally or third, the random drug testing can have spillover effects on non-users. Reducing drug use or substance abuse is important because negative consequences can result from drug use such as low academic performance, bad habits and risky sexual behaviors (James-Burdumy and Colleagues xvii). COUNTERARGUMENTS. We use the key arguments revealed by researchers Kern and her colleagues, working for the American Civil Liberties Union and the Drug Policy Alliance, on why some educators are saying no on the issue of random drug testing at schools in the United States. In summary, some educators are reported to be saying no to random drug testing because it is ineffective, costly, other methods are more reliable, and because drug testing can lead to other types of problems. The authors raised 8 points on why some educators are saying no to drug testing (Kern et al. 2). First, they say that drug testing is ineffective anyway. Second, drug testing is costly and there more effective

Madeleine Leininger -transcultural nursing theory model Research Paper

Madeleine Leininger -transcultural nursing theory model - Research Paper Example major reason leading her to forming the theory was her clinical specialist caring experience with children who were mildly disturbed and came from varied backgrounds (Allauigan, 2011). Factors like lack of doctor support, inadequate training, work burden and severity of illness of patients lead to elevated stress levels of nurses, which in turn leads to improper care of patients. Positive attitude results from holistic nursing approach, older age, and support, but negativity results from the load of work on the nurse (Kluit & Goosesns, 2011). The research will add to the literature of nursing theories. The research will aim at understanding a direct relationship between high levels of stress at work environment and the elevated negativity of attitude due to the stress. Keeping the theory of Trans-cultural nursing theory, it will also address the correlation that the negativity of attitude from nurses has on the recovery of children. The research will aim at the effects that cultural diversity has on the recovery rate of children, allowing for nurses to cater for those factors to aid in recovery. Allauigan, D. (2011). Theory Development and Historical Background. Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care. Retrieved January 1, 2013. Available at: http://nursingtheories.blogspot.com/2011/07/leiningers-theory-of-culture-care.html Kluit, V.D & Gossesns, (2011). Factors influencing attitudes of nurses in general health care toward patients with comorbid mental illness: an integrative literature review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 32(8):519-27. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767254. Abstract Retrieved at January 1, 2013. Sitzman, K., & Eichelberger, L.W., (2012). Madeleine Leininger’s Culture Care: Diversity and Universality Theory. Understanding the Work of Nurse Theorists, A Creative Beginning. Jones and Bartlett Publishers:

The International Guide of Foreign Currency Managementby Shoup Research Paper

The International Guide of Foreign Currency Managementby Shoup - Research Paper Example (Goldstein, 1992) Currency and its management determine the economical footing of the State and as such must be strictly controlled by the Government. Strength and value of a States currency is affected by several contributing factors. These factors may be intentionally implemented or developed as a result of external impact. This was seen in South Africa in the 1980’s when the price of Gold had significantly fallen in addition to other financial challenges faced by the government during the same period. As a result what was seen in South Africa was a drastic devaluation of the Rand in comparison to the American dollar. (Murison 2003) South Africa never fully recovered from the devaluation of the Country’s currency. Currency management operates on three basic tenets according to JP Morgan’s â€Å"Active Currency Management for Institutional Investors†. These are; market dynamics which refer to the foreign exchange market where it is inefficient and offers potential alpha due to the high proportion of non-profit seeking participants. Secondly there is consistent return which requires active currency managers who are able to generate consistent and modest returns throughout the market cycles. Finally there is diversification which refers to the returns of active currency managers who are not highly correlated with traditional asset classes. JP Morgan in Passive Currency Management (2011) identifies three ideal steps at the strategic level for passive currency management. Firstly, there is the need for the modelling of the foreign currency plan based on the risks identified in each business and determining a hedge ratio for the sensitive areas. Secondly, there is the need to cover the exposures of the assets through the use of various hedging techniques that are appropriate in the situation. Thirdly, there is the need to execute and monitor the plan with regards to transaction costs. JP Morgan emphasised that the most popular hedging te chnique for passive currency management is the use of forward currency contracts. Fabozzi (2008) assesses passive currency management techniques and identifies three main elements of this currency risk management approach. First of all, the management takes a standard currency hedging and roll it over through the life of an investment. Secondly, it is not flexible and cannot be changed even if external conditions change. Thirdly passive currency risk management involves the continuous conversion of the home currency to a given currency on a frequent basis. Currency risk exposure was later categorized into three groups by Zubulake, 1991who sought to determine preventative measures. These are; the translation which refers to the uncertainty of converting foreign denominated assets to local currency. Where there is uncertainty on the foreign market then the stability of the currency is threatened since sectors such as banking and real estate remains stagnated. The second category of ri sk exposure is that of transactional risk which detail the effects of fluctuations in exchange rates on revenues, expenses and profitability. Risky transactions have the potential to restrict the spending and trading ability of the population. Spending and trading being two of the main means of currency circulation will significantly impact on the Country’s economy when restricted. Thirdly, there is the economic exposure currency risks which assess the effects of fluctuations in a Country's currency over the long-term macro economics of the country, namely, prices, competition and export. As such, measures must be implemented to ensure that where there is exposure the

Chapter 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 5 - Essay Example 1. Why do some employers ban tattoos while others don’t mind them? Employers have different stance or position with regards to employees donning tattoos because some corporate environment require stakeholders to maintain a level of professionalism, which is instrumental in projecting a level of quality in their corporate image on a more traditional sphere. 2. Is it fair for employers to reject applicants who have tattoos? Based on the foregoing, one firmly believes that it is actually fair for employers to reject applicants who have tattoos, especially when these applicants would be future employees who are expected to project the same image of professionalism that the organization aims to adhere to and embody in their transactions. Is it fair to require employees, if hired, to conceal their tattoos? Actually, one believes that at the onset, a corporate philosophy of being true to the applicants in terms of signifying policies regarding tattoos should immediately be relayed. Therefore, if the organization condones tattoos and prefers employees without them, then they should be honest enough to state this requirement to the applicants to avoid conflicts in the future. 3. Should it be illegal to allow tattoos to be a factor at all in the hiring process. Personally, as disclosed in the case facts, tattoos are actually a person’s choice according to preferences and what was aimed to represent by donning them. As such, since these are matters of choices and preferences, organizations have also the prerogative to determine the hiring criteria which would place potential applicants for the right positions. If tattoos are seen as not in any way detrimental to the organization’s operations and to the corporate image being projected, then, the organization has the prerogative not specify restrictions in their hiring policies. It is therefore deemed not

Managing Organisational Change - decentralization of power and the Essay

Managing Organisational Change - decentralization of power and the empowerment of employees - Essay Example The scope of this already demanding situation is further aggravated by the ensuing technological revolutions that are unleashing ground breaking changes at a rapid pace. The source of such a change traces its origins to both within and outside the organisations. External social, economic and technological changes push the organisations and institutions into an adaptive mode. The resulting pressure ultimately percolates down to the individual employees that alters or motivates to alter the basic aspects of the concerned individuals' overall personality and style of communication (Burnes, 2000, p.258-259). Now if such a competitive scenario is further analysed in the context of the universal economic integration that is the direct outcome of globalization, one comes to the conclusion that it is next to impossible for the organisations and businesses to survive without a proactive initiative on the part of their individual employees in favour of change (Ollinger, 2006, p.1). A fast evol ving and metamorphosing global economy demands every individual to be an instrument of change. Off course such a change can only be meaningful if it is well managed and positive in its outlook. The query that deserves one's utmost attention is that are the organisations able to adapt to change in a smooth and eas... rves one's utmost attention is that are the organisations able to adapt to change in a smooth and easy way Does change automatically moulds the organisations in its natural course or does it require to be meticulously managed There is no dearth of theoreticians who believe that organisations are naturally malleable to change and somehow manage to adapt to the unfolding circumstances on their own (Thompson, 1967, p.35). However, there does exist a school of somewhat cautious thinkers who hold that there exists a sense of inertia within the organisations, the magnitude of which may vary from one organisation to other, that makes them somewhat inflexible and if left unmanaged may turn out to be eventually hazardous (Hannan and Freeman, 1977). Realistically speaking, organisational change is often a double edged sword that may prove to be either disruptive or adaptive in its outcome (Haveman, 1992, p.48-75). Usually it often gets very difficult for organisations to accept change and the initial reaction is always marked by a spontaneous or deliberate resistance. The framework of almost all the organisations often rests on certain institutional or technical structures built over time that often turn out to be the very source of such resistance (Granovetter, 1985, p.481-510). The astonishing fact is that such structures do not directly oppose any sort of change within the organisations, at least at an obvious level. The ultimate resistance more then often comes from the members or the employees in the organisations who can be considered to be the eventual outcome or the final by product of such structures (Coch, & French, 1948, p.512-532). Infact such institutional or technical structures insidiously oppose the change in the sense that even when the change is accepted and

Conditions for Equilibrium Essay Example for Free

Conditions for Equilibrium Essay When we say equilibrium, it is a state of balance. It is a condition where there is no change in the state of motion of a body. Equilibrium also may be at rest or moving within a constant velocity. A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if no part of it is accelerating, unless it is disturbed by an outside force. Two conditions for equilibrium are that the net force acting on the object is zero, and the net torque acting on the object is zero. Thus, the following objectives were emphasized in this experiment: to determine the equilibrant force using the force table and the omponent method, to determine the unknown forces using the first condition and second conditions for equilibrium, to locate the centre of gravity of a composite body, and to demonstrate rational equilibrium. 2. Theory Equilibrant is equal in magnitude to the resultant but oppositely directed. The first condition of equilibrium is when a body at rest or moving with uniform velocity has zero acceleration. The center of Gravity is the point where the weight of a body is assumed concentrate. The second condition of equilibrium is satisfied when the sum f all torques acting on an object about any axis equals zero. In activity 1, TA or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 TB or the tension acting on the string is the weight of the pan B plus the weight added to it and multiplied to 9. 8 m/s2 Experimental Equilibrant is the weight of the pan A plus the weight added to it. Theoretical Equilibrant= % Error = Exp. Theoretical X 100 Theoretical In activity 2, the equation Tl T2 cos e = O was used. From the equation, was derived to get the value ofT2 where, Tl is the reading on he spring scale when the pin is exactly at the middle of the ring e is the angle of the string makes with the horizontal Experimental Weight = T2 sin e Theoretical Weight= In activity 3, to check the results, the actual computation of center of gravity was used. Where XC and YC are the coordinates of the center of gravity of the circle, XS and YS of the center of gravity of the composite fgure. In activity 4, the equation was used, where, Xl is the length of the cylinder used X2 is the length of the center of gravity of the cylinder. And X3 is the length of the cylinder minus the 5. 0 cm. . Methodology There are 4 different kinds of activity in the experiment to determine the conditions for equilibrium. The materials used were the following: Force table and accessories, force board, cylinder of unknown weight, spring scale, electronic gram balance, card board, aluminum bar, cylinder of unknown weight, and protractor. For activity 1, the group used a force table, its three pans and accessories. The three pans were weighed and labeled as A, B and C. Pan A was hung at 30 degree mark and a 100g was placed on it whereas on pan B a150 g was placed and was hung at 200 degree mark. The group balanced the two tensions in the strings by placing weight on the pan C or adjusting its position in the force table to obtain the magnitude and position of the equilibrant. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using the component method. The group then computed the % error using the values obtained by the component method as your accepted value for magnitude as well as direction. Figure 1: Set-up for activity 1 For activity 2, a cylinder of unknown weight was suspended on the force board by means of two strings. A spring scale was then attached to one of the strings. One member of the group pulled the string horizontally until the pin was exactly at the middle of the ring. The reading on the spring scale was recorded as Tl . Another member of the group measured the angle that the other string makes with the horizontal and solved for the tension T2 of the other spring and the weight of a cylinder. Percent error was computed after. For activity 3, the group used a circle of diameter 10cm and a square of side 10 cm from the card board. The circle and the square was weighed and recorded as wc and Ws. The group determined the center f gravity of the composite fgure by using the balancing method and composite method. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein the plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from any point and measured where it intersects on the composite fgure. Figure 2: Balancing Method Figure 3: Plumbing Method For activity 4, the group first located the center of gravity of the aluminum bar by balancing it on a pencil. The cylinder used in activity 2 was hung 5. 0 cm from one end of the bar. Using the force board, the aluminum bar was supported by means of spring scale on the end and a string on the other end until the bar assumes a horizontal position. The group used the second condition for equilibrium to determine the weight of the bar and the tension in the string. Percent error was also computed. . Results and Discussion Activity 1 Tensions Magnitude (N) Position(0) TAI. 3105 300 1. 7962 2000 Experimental Equilibrant 0. 6241 3600 Theoretical Equilibrant 0. 5545 3560 % Error Table 1: Results of Activity 1 Table 1 shows the magnitude and the positions of the equilibrants and the tensions acting on the pans. The theoretical equilibrant of the two tensions was solved using he component method. The % error was computed using the values o btained by the component method as the accepted value for magnitude and the direction. Some factors that contributed the 13% error in this activity were the accuracy of the force table and its accessories used. Activity 2 Tl (N) 63 N (0) 440 T2 (N) 8. 7 N Experimental Weight (N) 6 N Theoretical Weight (N) 6. 3 N % Error 13. 2% Free Body Diagram of ring Table 2: Results of Activity 2 Table 2 shows the different unknown forces acting on the cylinder using the first condition for equilibrium. Some factors that contributed the 13. % error in this activity were the accuracy of the spring scale used and the pulling of the string horizontally. Activity 3 Weight of Square= 8. 36 g Weight of Circle= 6. 94 g Method Center of Gravity X- coordinate Y coordinate Plumb line Method 10 5. 2 Balancing Method 9. 55 4. 5 Computation 9. 54 5 Table 3: Results of Activity 3 Table 3 shows the x and y coordinates of the center of gravity of the component fgure using plumb line method, balancing method and the actual computation. In balancing method, a pen was placed in the middle of the composite figure wherein he plumb method, the group used a string with a coin at the end then hung it from computation was written in the manual. Activity 4 Reading of Spring Scale (N) 5 N Weight of cylinder (N) 5. 3238 N Experimental Weight of bar(N) 0. 7418 N Theoretical Weight of bar(N) 0. 7977 N % Error 7% Free Body Diagram of bar Table 4: Results of Activity 4 Table 4 shows the different unknown forces acting on the bar using the second condition for equilibrium. One factor that contributed the 7% error was due to the person holding the string at one end to make the cylinder bar in horizontal position 5. Conclusion Different activities in this experiment were accomplished to understand more about the conditions for equilibrium. Based from the results obtained by the group in the different activities, the group was able to determine the equilibrant force by using the force table and the component method. The unknown forces using the first and second conditions for equilibrium were determined. Using the square and circle fgure, the center of gravity of a composite body was located. Rotational equilibrium was demonstrated because the sum of all of the torques equals zero 6. Application 1 . State the first condition for equilibrium. If a body is in equilibrium, are there no forces acting on it? Equilibrium means the sum of all forces in all directions is equal to zero. It doesnt mean that there are no forces acting on it. It Just means that the forces that are acting on it are equal and opposite. 2. The Russell Traction system is used for a fractured femur. Identify the forces acting on the femur. If the weight hang is 5. 0 kg, find the force needed to immobilize the femur. What will supply this force? 3. What happens to the center of gravity of a person under the following situations? A. ) His upper right extremity is amputated. B. He carries all his books using the right arm only. )When ones upper right extremity is amputated, the center of gravity of the person would lean towards the right part of the body since the gravitational force on the remaining arm will push the center of gravity towards the right. b) When a person carries his books using only his right arm, the pull of gravity on the book would push the center of gravity of the body towards the left. 4. Devise a way by which you could determine your center of gravity. If the object is irregular in shape, the center of mass is always located closer to the more massive nd. Use felt pens to outline your partners body on a piece of butcher paper. Determine your partners approximate center of gravity by carefully cutting out the human outline and balancing it on your finger. Mark the center of gravity on your partners body with a piece of tape. Get a six foot piece of butcher paper and tape it feet. Mark their approximate center. Another way is to lie horizontally across the arm of a couch. The point where you are balanced is your center of gravity. 5. In general, the womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens. Can you explain why? Womens centers of gravity tend to be lower than mens because women have a bigger pelvis area. The skeletal structure of women make it so that their pelvis is bigger, since they will need the extra support come the time that they become pregnant, and their bodies support a baby. This means that the lower body of women is generally heavier in comparison to their whole body, as opposed to the lower body of men. This would make the center of gravity of women slightly lower, because more of their body mass is concentrated at the lower portion of their body.

E-Commerce Business Aims and Objectives

E-Commerce Business Aims and Objectives Md Imtiaz Ahmed Task Covering LO1 INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE E-Commerce, formerly referred to as Electronic Commerce, is the trading of several of goods services over a wide area of electronic means; such as the Internet or any other Computer Networks. The various sources where the e-commerce is successfully being running and the uses of e-Commerce are mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems and automated data collection systems. E-Commerce allows the exchange of data over electronic means in order to facilitate the financing payment aspects of business transaction. Within the help of e-Commerce, an organization is benefitted through effective communications better business conducts. In order to build up a proper e-commerce website for a business, there must have to be some implementations of these analyses as follows:- PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological) Analysis Political- The potential change of government, as well as the changes in the policies priorities and the introduction of a new government initiative could be major political factors. Such factors include political stability, tax guidelines, trade regulations, safety regulations employees laws. Economic- Economic factors may also be limited to the home country but as global trade continues to grow, economic difficulties in one nation would tend to have a broad impact overall. Factors affecting the economy in such ways include inflation, interest rates, economic growth, the unemployment rate policies, and the business cycle followed by the country. Socio-cultural- Socio-cultural factors are those that arise from customers or probable customers. These changes can often be slight and they can be difficult to assume or identify until there’s a major effect or impact. Within this social factor the business finds it helpful to analyze the socio-economic situation of its market by means of fundamentals like customer demographics, cultural limitations, lifestyle attitude, and education. Technological- This area is all about those that are related to the uprising developments on the uses of technology. There are 2 types of changes in technological uses in general: developments in the uses of IT, and, developments in IT in specific industry or market.[1] In modern days, we have an extension in the PEST analysis which has added two more factors to take effect in the business. These are Legal(L) factors and the Environmental(E) factors, which for instance, stands to be the PESTLE Analysis. Legal- It is very important to take into accounts the factors arising from changes to the law. Changes can be by means of Discrimination laws, Health safety laws, Consumer Protection laws, Copyright Patent laws. Environmental- The factors arising from the concerns about the natural environment, in other words the ‘green’ issues, include increasing concerns about packaging and the increase in pollution. SWOT(Strength,Weakness,Opportunities,Threats) Analysis This analysis is only focused on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities threats that are significant to an organization for a brand new scheme. Strength(S)- Internal attributes that are helpful to the organization to achieving its objectives. Example includes: superior product quality, superior technological equipment, education to employees, popular product name, products embraced by consumers. Weaknesses(W)- Internal attributes that are harmful for the organization achieving its goals. Examples include: extension of the distribution system, lack of direct contact with customers, higher prices. Opportunities(O)- External factors that help the organization to achieve its aims objectives. This might arise from: exports, approaching the youth markets, cross-selling. Threats(T)- External factors that help the organization to achieve its aims objectives. These are brought up by: huge tax rates on luxury items, indirect competitors.[2] Onto a business organization, the SWOT Analysis has been divided into two categories, Internal Analysis which is Strengths Weaknesses, and External Analysis which is Opportunities Threats. The Strengths are valued by measuring the ability of an organization to compete with other companies globally or locally. The start-up cost overhead cost is low to introduce e-Commerce system in the business, which is a plus point. Direct consumer communication too takes place while this e-Commerce system is implemented by means of when an order is made; the goods are directly delivered where a personal meet up takes place. So it generally creates a good customer relationship. Weakness could be the higher prices of their products which will result in less consumer attentions and hence less profit. Another point to take into account as the weakness of an e-Business could be the online page loading time. If the page takes much time to load, the visitors of the site will eventually tend to turn their search off and leave. Hence no profit would be earned by the business. Opportunities are measured by their 24/7 availability online to serve their consumers. Growth is estimated to continue at high rates and launching an online business allows the merchant to be in a position to benefit from this growth. Threats are measured by the business’ ability to survive in the field by competing with other organizations. Another point to take into consideration is fraud. Some consumers find it risky to deliver their financial data and such kinds of feeling among the population can be a great threat for any online business stores. Privacy concerns too are a factor to be thought of. CORE BUSINESS FUNCTIONS OF E-COMMERCE I am Md. Imtiaz Ahmed, and, Mr. Bashar has appointed me as an e-Commerce Developer in his e-commerce business. He is planning to open an e-Commerce online book store. Nowadays we see a rapid rise in such businesses that runs online. There are various sectors such as the one Mr. Bashar is planning to open, apart from that there are jewelries, fashion items, perfumes, groceries, electronic appliances, household items and much more. Mr. Bashar wants to organize such an online book store where people from all around the world can get access to and order for their desired books of their own choices favorite authors. E-commerce is basically functionalized as to deliver the customers with the desired service in an online basis. For instance, the customers will stay at their favored place from where they can easily place an order for the product they want. They will either make the payment online using debit/credit cards or, they can also make the payment on cash while the product is finally delivered at the right place. That’s one of the most efficient and generally important function though which the system runs. Named Boibazaar.com, Mr. Bashar has set his online storefront targeted to basically the people of any ages since there are absolutely no limitations to read books. Starting from the youngest to the oldest, anyone can order for books as they want or would like to. Mr. Bashar targets to deliver his potential customers by serving them the right output as required. There are various functional areas partly divided in a sense to run the e-Commerce business on a smooth flow. Among them, follows are the most important ones that Mr. Bashar’s online storefront must implement:- The Sales Function- This department is assigned to maintain the sales promotion of the business, for instance, by means of effective advertisements discount offers. It also responds to their customers’ queries and tries their best to deliver them with the best possible solutions. Their task is to sell their products either over the telephone or using the face-to-face method of business transactions. They decide the estimations to offer discounts on their selling items, this is done through effective persuasive advertisements. Financial terms too are anyhow maintained by this department in some businesses. They also provide technical advices keeps records of their customers updated. The Production Function- This department plays a vital role in any business organization since it checks monitors the storage of raw materials. It also builds up the schedule of the productions for the maximization of the uses of equipments. Producing the items is the core function of this department and hence it also assembles the finished output. This functional area is also assigned for the quality checking of the products all through the production process. Machinery inspections too are managed by this area of business. The Purchasing Function- This department is necessary since its task is to order inputs/raw materials for the production of expected items from its suppliers. If any problems, such as disagreements from a supplier to sell raw materials, are faced, then the department would hold the right to change the supplier and order from the new one. If to introduce new items, new kind of raw materials is to be bought and utilized. In such cases, this department would search for new suppliers to meet the requirements. It also refers to the problems on delivery, e.g. quality or quantity. It is also very necessary for this department to be in good relation with its suppliers so that the business doesn’t face any negative trust issues amongst each other. The Administration Function- In simple senses, this department is all set to maintain the legal documentations, paper works necessary record keepings. In some business it helps their customers by providing expert advices for the queries faced. The Customer Service Function- Similar to the above one, it responds to their potential customers and gives them the best soluble options. It also provides after-sales services including the replacements of damaged items, arrangements for repairing the items, etc. It deals with the customer complaints and takes necessary steps to overcome the problems arising. The Finance Function- All the financial works are maintained by this area of business. The money that is received is well recorded by this department. The checking paying of the invoices received are too done by this department. All any financial documentations payments involved in the business are monitored by the Finance Department. The ICT Function- Most of the tasks of the Administration Department are followed by this ICT area such as maintaining the records on computer. Also the online helps too are done by this department. All that are related to the IT are controlled by this department. Since Boibazaar.com is an online book store, the Production Department is not much necessary since Mr. Bashar’s business does not produce books but deliver what are available on the market, just by means of selling on the online method. The ICT Department is the most important one since the business is online basis and thus the whole thing is maintained according to its own ways as supposed. Boibaazar.com has categorized their selling items according to the genres so that the visitors of the site find it handy easy enough to find out what they are looking for. The prices too are mentioned so that they don’t really need to navigate to any more pages to go for inner details. Seller contacts too are added so that if customer decides to purchase can make direct deals with the seller easily. Boibazaar.com agrees accepting the method of payments on Cash on Delivery basis for local consumers. Soon they will be accepting Card Payment method using VISA, debit/credit cards and online payments. For local consumers, the shop is also accepting the online payment procedure of Bkash. Regarding International consumers’ payments, the store is working on to accept methods followed by banks and also The Western Union process. But customers must be sure that there are different methods to follow for payments for different orders. Cash on delivery basis is highly being appreciated by the customers who prefer dealing online for their desired products. It’s less hassle and over all the difficulties that might appear compared to physical trading. AIMS OBJECTIVES OF E-COMMERCE Profit maximization is the core aim of any organization whether it is a physical business place or the one that runs online. Some organizations even aim to survive with just less or no profit at all. Breakeven, one method of surviving is to focus on breaking even over a certain period. This means making enough money to cover the total costs involved in producing and selling the goods or services, and running the business, although there is no profit, no money is lost. Also there are some businesses that only tend to focus on selling (sales maximization) as more products as possible in order to expansion in their business. BUSINESS STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN THE BUSINESS Below is a table that shows the aims of the business following the relationship of their stakeholders into the business. Stakeholders are those people who are both directly and indirectly related to the business in general means. The table below will help make a clear view:- Task Covering LO2 [1] http://pestleanalysis.com/pest-analysis/ [2] http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/SWOT-analysis-strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-and-threats-analysis

Marxist Theories of Punishment

Marxist Theories of Punishment The application of punishment is determined by the class system. Critically discuss this with reference to Marxist theories of Punishment. This essay is going to critically discuss with reference to Marxists theories of punishment whether the application of punishment is determined by the class system. In order to do this we first need an understanding of what Marxist theory is based on, how Marx differentiates the class system and how punishment fits in to his theory. At the time of Karl Marx’s work, he had witnessed many revolutions across Western Europe. Marxism tried to get people to understand the society they lived in and whilst he did only a minuscule amount of work on actual crime and criminals, he did acknowledge that there was conflict within society (History Learning Site, 2010). He recognised there was a split in society between the wealthiest and the poor. One of Marx’s main focus’ in his theory was the economy and he believed those who had wealth were the powerful and those who were poorer were the powerless. By the start of the industrial era Marx believed society to be split between two economic classes. The poorer end of society known as the ‘proletariat’ which is also known to be the working-class, and the ruling-class he described as being a more dominant class, called the ‘bourgeoisie’; these were owners of wealth that did not need to work. The control and owning of private property by the wealthiest (which was the start of Capitalism) and the exploitation of labour done by the working class was his main idea in his theory on the conflict of classes. â€Å"Marx saw conflict in society as being due to a scarcity of resources and a historical inequality in the distribution of those resources, notably power.† (Williams and McShane, 2010; 134). Marxists criminologists suggest that class struggle affects crime in three different positions. Firstly, they suggest that law is a tool used by the ruling class to control the working class. They believe that is why there is no law enforcement for the ruling class (Michalowski and Bohlander, 1976 cited in Williams and McShane, 1988: 135), they said that behaviour that is not placed under any law but instead placed under just administrative and governing laws can only be to protect themselves. Marxist think law is an abuse to general human rights and they also question the power of the law and it purpose in its application, if the working class are policing the working class (Schwendinger and Schwendinger, 1970, 1972, 1977; Platt, 1974 cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). Secondly, Marxist’s see all crime in a capitalist society as a product of class struggle. It causes the working class the need to chase to get ahead which can manifest itself it to criminal behaviour. The di vide between these two classes and the conflict, creates competition. Someone will want something and when they feel there is no other way of achieving this, criminal activity can take place (Bohm, 1982 as cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). This can be seen in Emilie Durkheim’s Anomie theory. There are other theories that also recognise a division in society. Emilie Durkheim’s anomie theory also recognised the division in society and in his book termed it as the division in labour. He studied Europe after the industrial revolution and Durkheim saw from forced industrialisation and commercialisation, a large economic crisis could define factors of causing a state of anomie. He described this as a breakdown of social norms for the working class. He stated without clear rules to guide the working class, individuals find it hard to find a place in society. He concludes that this in turn causes dissatisfaction, frustration, conflict and deviance. Durkheim’s anomie theory looks at social norms in society being broken while Merton’s Strain theory (1938) looks more at deviance who also refers to bureaucratic behaviour as well as criminal behaviour in his theory. In Merton’s theory he saw certain goals emphasised through society and used financial succe ss as an example. He said not everyone has equal access to these financial achievements or success and that some people may look for illegitimate ways to gain this success. Because of this social inequality and division in society between the working class and ruling class, he believes that certain goals are just not available for certain groups within society such as the lower social class. Merton’s anomie theory is often referred to as strain theory as this lower or working class feel a strain to achieve illegitimately ways to gain this success and those groups with the least access to achieve these goals have higher crime and deviance rates according to Merton. In his study of US societies that these higher rates of crime were amongst the lower classes (Williams and McShane, 1988: 79-83). These theories of anomie and strain theory all take the same direction as Marxist theory in that they believe there to be a division in society between working class and the ruling class. With the ruling class holding the most power and the working class trying to achieve this. The power held by the dominant class has also been termed ‘cultural capital’ (Giddens, ). Marxism influences cultural capital. Pierre Bourdieu another sociologist influenced by Marx argues that it is the education system, to blame for the failure of the working class, not the working class culture. He referred to the cultural capital as those who were in possession of the dominant culture and thought this could be translated in to wealth and power through the education system. He claimed that cultural capital in class structure was not evenly proportionate and he could see this in the class structure through the disparities in education attainment achieved by those of different classes. Bourdieu claims that middle class students succeed better than those of the working class as they are the dominant culture. He states that education attainment is directly related to those who possess the most cultural capital (Giddens – Sociology). Gramsci was a Marxist thinker in the 20th century whose work evaluated culture and political leadership. He believed that the bourgeoisie uphold control, that they developed a hegemonic culture which he saw transmitted its own set of norms and values that just became common sense values and norms of everyone. People from classes outside the ruling class acknowledged their own good with the good of the ruling class. Marxism always expected a revolution in capitalist societies but by early 20th century no revolution had occurred in such advanced countries. Gramsci’s theory suggested that capitalism maintained control not just through political and economic coercion, but also through ideology as well. (Perry Anderson, 1976. (The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. New Left Review). SENTENCE TO WRAP IT UP Marxism saw the creation of two different groups that were created through the rise of capitalism; the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) and he claimed that these two classes offered nothing but â€Å"new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones†. They saw that the labour of the working class needed to be exploited in order for the ruling class to gain more capital. Marxism referred to this as oppression and believed that the ruling class exercised their power over the working class in order to control them. Rusche (1980) took the same approach in his theory of punishment and social structure. He states that when wages go up because of the lack of labour that this in turn causes the ruling class to apply their power to supply the need for cheap labour. Rusche saw that the exploitation of prison labour began to be the preferred method over previous methods such as corporal and capital punishment. He claims that â€Å"When a labour surplus occurs, wages go down causing a mass unemployment resulting in extremely high penalties, such as corporal and capital punishment executed in a torturous fashion. This is thought to be needed in order to keep crime down† (Rusche, 1980:). During the industrial era the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named the house of correction. These were set up in a bid to help supply their need for cheap labour. The house of correction’s main aim and focus was there to make those that didn’t want to work and was unwilling to work, to make them work. Rusche and Kircheimer (1939) claimed that by being forced to work within this institution that the prisoners would pick up skills in the hope that they could take with them to the labour market on release. During period where labour was in excess, and the attitude changed toward the poor, it became unprofitable to force people to work and prisons became warehouses for people that he also claimed cost money. He also claimed that the attitudes towards punishment need to change when the living conditions of the working class began to get worst. In order to see that people were being punished according the conditions of the prison had to be worse than those of the prisoners conditions on the out side of prison. As Jenner (2014) stated â€Å"the conditions need to be markedly more unpleasant than the conditions of life experienced by those of the lowest strata living free in society†. This of course, had economic advantages, less food was needed and no medical assistance offered, but it came to be seen that the living conditions of the working class, did not ‘vary’ much, from those of the prison. This caused the conditions to deteriorate even worst in an attempt to deter the working class not to end up inside the prison (Rusche and Kirchiemer, 1939). Evidence to support these theories that prison is a way of controlling the working class by the ruling class can be seen in the inequalities of the prison population. According to a report by NACRO (1997a; 1997b) England and Wales have one of the highest prison populations in Western Europe which in 1997 was as high as 61,000. They reckoned this figure could rise by the year 2005 to 82,000. A national survey done by the Home Office carried out on prison population in 1991 showed that it was made up by uneducated young men, many whom had an ethnic minority background. His study found some interested figures in evidence of the theories that have been presented in this essay. This study found that 40% of the prison population to be under 25 but over 18 compared to 16% of the general population; this shows there is a huge over representation of young men between 18-25 years old, imprisoned. It found that 41% of prisoners either posed no skills or had very little, compared to 18% of the g eneral population; again a large over representation of unskilled labour force. This study also found that 15% of prisoners were from Black or Asian ethnic minorities yet these minorities only make up 5% of the general population. 40% of prisoners under the age of 25 had left school before they were supposed to, compared with only 11% of the general population. 38% of prisoners under 21 had experienced being in care whilst only 2% of the general population experience this and 13% said they did not have a place to live before they entered the prison system (Walmsley et al., 1992 cited in NACRO, 1997b). From these figures and our knowledge of Marxism with regards to class struggle and the segregation of the lower class, how the ruling class exert their power over the working class and how they use this power to control, we can see that the prison has been used in the same way. That it is a mere control of the bourgeoisie bid to control the working class. This can also be seen in the a pplication of law and how the bourgeoisie wrong doings do not fall under any law but as mentioned earlier fall under administrative and governing laws in order to protect their own. This could also be argued in the case of why white collar crime does not get much attention paid to it over criminal law. REFERENCES Anderson, P. (1976) The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. New Left Review. Bohm, R.M. (1982) Radical Criminology: An explanation. Criminology, 19, 565-589. Giddens – Sociology). History Learning Site (2010) Marxism and Crime [online] available at. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm accessed on. (20th Feb 2014). Jenner, A. (2014) Assessment Workshop [SC6001 Justice, Punishment and Social Control]. 27th February, 2014. Maguire, M., Morgan, R. Reiner, R. (2007) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (4th edt), University Press: Oxford. Merton, R. K. (1938) Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682. Michalowski, R. J. Bohlander, E. W. (1976) Repression and criminal justice in capitalist America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106. NACRO (1997a) Information Bulletin, An occasional briefing compiled by NACROS Youth Crime Section, Issue 7, NACRO: London. NACRO (1997b) Criminal Justice Digest. No. 91, February, NACRO: London. Platt, T. (1974) Prospects for a radical criminology in the United States. Crime and Social Justice, 1, 2-6. Rusche, G. (1980) Labour Market and Penal Sanctions: Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice. In T. Platt, Takahi, P. (Edts.), Punishment and Penal Discipline (pp 10-16). Berkeley, CA: Crime and Social Justice Associates. Rusche, G. Kirchiemer, O. (1939). Punishment and Social Structure. New York: Russell Russell. Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1970) Defenders of order or guardians of human rights? Issues in Criminology, 5, 113-146. Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1972) The continuing debate on the legalistic approach to the definition of crime. Issues in Criminology, 7, 71-81. Schwendinger H. Schwendinger, J. (1977) Social class and the definition of crime. Crime and Social Justice, 7, 71-81. Walmsley, R., Howard, L and White, S. (1992) The National Prison Survey 1991 main findings. A Home Office Research and Planning Unit Report, HMSO: London. Williams, F. P. and McShane, M. D. (2010) Criminological Theory (5th edt), Pearson: London.

Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe - King of Nothing :: Defoe Robinson Crusoe Essays

Robinson Crusoe is said to be the first realistic novel ever, an it is written by Daniel Defoe. In this novel we meet Robinson Crusoe who is stranded on a uninhabited island. In the topical excerpt called "the print of a foot" Crusoe sees a footprint, and he starts wondering if the island really is uninhabited. Though Robinson Crusoe is stranded on a island in the middle of nowhere without any facilities, he is not a desperate man in any way. He sees himself as a king or an emperor, an feels kind of free, despite the limited geographical space. Crusoe also says "I had neither the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eye, or the pride of life. I had nothing to covet, for I had all that I was now capable of enjoying". The fact that the environment around Crusoe has been changed completely, has also changed his way of thinking. Women has been less importaint, which is naturale since there are no women around. But we can also see how the lack of material things, forces Crusoe to focus on other tings and get other values. He starts thinking and reflecting about life and his own surroundings. Crusoe becomes pleased with the fact that he has everything he needs on the island, and he uses only what is needed; nothing more. The religious aspect of Robinson Crusoe should be mentioned. Crusoe t hinks a lot about God and the Devil. He looks upon every positive ting, such as the rich nature, as gifts from God. Crusoe is very thankfull to this, and he is happy that he is able to consider what he enjoed, rather then what he wanted. But also the Devil was something he beleaved existed. This shows when Crusoe one day sees the footprint in the sand, and first thinks that it must be the Devil. After some time though, he concludes that this can not be right. It must have someother explanation... Of course Robinson Crusoe can be seen as "an ideal of individual enterprise empire-building". Crusoe fights the nature and manage to live well on a island all by himselfe. He also take care of the environment in a good way. But in all this, I also think there is a fundamental thought of power, which we can be critical to.

Scott Joplin and His Musical Legacy :: Entertainment Biographies Papers

Scott Joplin and His Musical Legacy "He just got his music out of the air," said one neighbor. One cannot hear the word "ragtime" without thinking of the "King of Ragtime," Scott Joplin. He is clearly one forerunner in the field of American music, particularly at the turn of the twentieth century. Not only was he a genius in the musical frame of mind, he also displayed strong talents in other areas. He had a kinesthetic gift, as seen in the movements he created for his dramatic productions. It was often said that if times were different and not so segregated, he could have been a great choreographer. He was also talented in the interpersonal field, as his music touched so many people throughout the years. Through his efforts ragtime is now a respected form of music in our history, although he did not live to see this fulfillment of his dreams. Background Joplin's father, Jiles, was only a small boy when he was purchased in South Carolina and taken to Texas. He had the privilege of being one of the few black slaves to be a house worker, which decreased his chances of being sold. Jiles was freed in his late teens. Picking the last name of his former owner's son-in-law, he traveled south. There he met Florence Givens, who was freeborn. They married by "jumping over the stick," the only form of marriage available to blacks at that time. He was eighteen; she was nineteen. The Joplins were not a close family. It is said that the men "had traveling in their blood." Scott, the second of five children, was born on November 24, 1868. When he was a preschooler, they moved to the wild frontier town of Texarkana, Texas. Both Jiles and Florence were musically inclined and talented. Jiles played the violin, while Florence played the banjo and sang. They encouraged musical interest in the children, and all five had talent. Scott stood out above the rest. At an early age, he could pick out songs on his mother's banjo, on which he was proficient by age seven. He had perfect pitch and could duplicate any chord he heard. He had the ability, which he retained until the end of his life, to remember tunes and fragments he heard years before. He incorporated them with his own elements into original compositions. His talent did not go unnoticed. Area music teachers were impressed and offered instruction.

the role of the church in the Kosovo crisis :: essays research papers

After the Dayton peace accords in 1995, terminating the civil war in Bosnia-Hercegovina, the attention of the world turned to Kosovo. The international agreement terminating the Bosnian War ignored the problems of Kosovo, where the Albanian majority claimed independence. As their complaints were not addressed, the Kosovars turned from a policy of passive resistance of their moderate leadership to guerilla tactics and violent acts against the Serbian authorities conducted by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). Their activities prompted the State Department to label them a "terrorist group" in February 1998. A year later, however, the Western powers invited the KLA, not the previous moderate leaders, to represent Kosovo at Rambouillet. As our subject is the role played by the Serbian Church under the leadership of Patriarch Pavle, we will stress its activities here. Among the spokesmen we must single out Bishop Artemije of the Raska-Prizren Diocese, who has been particularly articulate in expressing the views of the church in Kosovo. We must also mention Father Sava of Decani, who speaks English, commands the computer, and has played a crucial role in outreach. The church assembly convened in Prizren in August 1997 criticized the activities of the Serbian special forces as well as of the Albanian KLA. As for the KLA aim of independence for Kosovo, they warned that this "would immediately produce large scale instability in the whole region, resulting in a disastrous multiethnic war." The church urged that ethnic Albanians would be able to find a satisfactory status in a "democratic Serbian state." They recognized that this ideal was far from the Milosevic regime. By 1998, the conflict was in full force. Church spokesmen repeatedly criticized the excessive use of force by the Milosevic police and paramilitaries in Kosovo, but also denounced the KLA, which had started murdering Serbian policemen and ethnic Albanians who they thought were cooperating with Serbian authorities. They strongly condemned the role of the KLA in abducting civilians. Three months before bombing started, the KLA clearly had already declared war on the Serbs in Kosovo. In February 1999, the international community called a meeting in Rambouillet, outside Paris, to stop he conflict. The negotiators were dealing with the self-appointed KLA leaders and representatives sent by Milosevic. As the representative of the Patriarch, Bishop Artemije tried to reach the negotiators. He tried to represent the viewpoint of the local Serbian population and the church in this ecclesiastical center, even to be an observer, but was rebuffed by Milosevic and by the diplomats.

Plastic Surgery On Society Health And Social Care Essay

The promotions in engineering in medical scientific discipline have opened the doors to better intervention possibilities with minimum side effects being witnessed station intervention. Peoples are now able to avail interventions for such complications which require extremely complex and minute processs to be performed where the deductions of the being of mistakes are extremely fatal. With the inclusion of robotic engineering and advanced medical equipment substructure, processs have now become extremely convenient and accessible to the people and this feasibleness has besides enabled the health care professionals to supply better medical service to the consumers ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . The development of plastic surgery that has been witnessed over the recent old ages has given rise to assorted chances wherein the usage of medical engineerings are being used to heighten personal physical characteristics instead than seeing the medical processs as a agency of intervention of unwellnesss. Among these processs, plastic surgery is the most widely sought characteristic alteration and sweetening methods which have enabled farther developments in the medical field. Plastic surgery had originated as a means to supply rehabilitative steps for the damaged parts of the physical parts of the organic structure. These parts can acquire damaged or injured due to accidents or assorted other stimulation. Plastic surgery aims at retracing and / or modifying the visual aspect every bit good as the map of the several limb ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . Plastic surgery is divided into two parts, decorative plastic surgery and rehabilitative plastic surgery. Cosmetic surgery seeks to better the patient ‘s characteristics on a strictly beauty degree. Reconstructive surgery seeks to repair any physical characteristic, which is deformed by unwellness, accidents or birth defect or imperfectness. It besides provides a important grade of functional sweetening so as to enable the patient to recover most of the existent functionality which existed for the several portion. Traditionally these procedures have been used to handle amendss and conceal the cicatrixs originating out of deep lesions or skin harm. Reconstructive surgery is besides being considered as a feasible option for those who want to heighten one ‘s mobility and functionality in instances of incidents which render a individual partly disable ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . Cosmetic plastic surgery nevertheless is one of the most popular medical processs to be undertaken today with the advancement of this process being witnessed geographically. This has been farther strengthened by the presence of medical touristry possibilities which has enhanced the possibilities for availing the decorative intervention in foreign locations. One of the primary grounds which can be attributed to the addition in the use of decorative surgery processs is the desire of the people to resemble their favourite famous persons in footings of physical visual aspect and beauty. Peoples have been known to pass immense sums of money and have undertaken painful attempts in order to do themselves similar to the famous persons. Though this may look like a mere captivation and grasp of the famous persons by the fans, there is a dark side to the uninterrupted use of such processs wherein an compulsion is created in the people sing the frequent use of the processs for keeping their cove ted degrees of characteristics. Plastic surgery is associated with a broad scope of results witnessed chiefly on the emotional, psychological and physical degrees. All of these degrees have positive and negative facets associated with them ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) . However the current tendency of going competitory in footings of physical characteristics has led to the inauspicious results being witnessed in instances where the patients have resorted to the usage of new unseasoned drugs or in instances when there is a natural inauspicious reaction to the process. In either instance, there is a terrible impact of these processs on the societal environment wherein assorted persons and groups are subjected to the results ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) .General Impacts of Lipoplasty:The turning corpulent and fleshy population in the universe today has led people to seek suction lipectomy which is one of most sought decorative processs for cut downing the fat content in the organic structure. However this process has now diversified into processs being conducted on specific parts of the organic structure wherein the fat is removed normally by equipment which is used to suction the fat that is antecedently made into a more liquid pr ovince by agencies of certain chemicals. It is due to this suction of the lipoids that the process has been popularly termed as suction lipectomy. This process is an instant solution to overweight and people are provided important alleviation from traveling to the gym or to set about strenuous exercise agendas. But this process is an invasive procedure affecting the surgical invasion of the equipment into the organic structure and hence like any other surgery, there is a reasonably high hazard of the happening of inauspicious reactions to the process. These hazards are inclusive of bad bruising, thrombophlebitis, redness, Contour Irregularities, numbness, puncturing of the internal variety meats, infections, pneumonic hydrops, pneumonic intercalation, tegument Burnss, and allergic reactions to the processs and / or the drugs used, complications in the lungs or the bosom, lidocaine toxicity and in some instances, even decease. There is a important deficiency of consciousness about su ch processs in the society wherein the people are normally awed by the benefits of the process and in their attempts to accomplish the desired results they overlook the possible hardships which could be experienced by them if equal safeguards are non undertaken ( Sunishka Wimalawansa, 2009 ) . There is a high degree of fight in the society which is characterized by the inordinate accent being maintained on the expressions of a individual. The current tendencies indicate the demand for every person to possess the perfect organic structure and fat free personalities so as to be able to look acceptable in the societal kingdom. The fright of being made merriment of and being pushed away by the society has driven the people, particularly the young person and the aged section to set about such steps. While the young person and the aged cabal of the population have differing demands from the suction lipectomy process, the results have been reported to be drastic which non merely has a durable impact on the emotional kingdom of the people but it has besides driven people to bizarre behaviour. The aged are motivated for following this process as it helps them to look younger even though their natural capacity and opposition is maintained as per their existent age. Social norms and peer force per unit area agents dictate the extent to which the people may travel to transform and modify their visual aspect ( Sadick, 2008 ) . The older cabal ‘s demand to look immature and dissemble one ‘s true age has reached paramount importance in people. They try to copy the famous persons and take attempts to be able to hold a vernal personality like them. These instant alterations are hazards for the people as the famous persons undergo infinite processs affecting big disbursals made in this respect. As a consequence of the high demand for these processs, the medical practicians have increased overall costs of the processs which have resulted in the being of another issue for the society in footings of pecuniary inadequacy. Peoples have been known to pass immense sums of valuable money to set about these processs which may hold a direct impact on the other fundss which the people may hold. Their compulsion with beauty has caused more harm than good when a bulk of the income of the members of the society is being diverted to the payment for the plastic surgeries. Another facet of this state of affairs is t hat people have been known to get loans for obtaining the financess for the intervention processs. These processs are non merely short lived but in order to keep the effectivity of the results, these processs need to be repeated after specific intervals which non merely affects the wellness of the person but besides incurs immense disbursals for the patients ( J & A ; aacute ; vo, 2012 )Emotional and Psychological Impact of Lipoplasty on the Society:Fleshiness is a serious societal immorality where corpulent people are frequently made the topic of jeer and are looked down upon in the society. This behavioural response of the people in the society drives the people to set about such drastic steps to accomplish the coveted physical characteristics. But in this procedure, the people set up really high outlooks from the processs with unreal and excessively ambitious results being expected from the medical practicians. In the event of the accomplishment of fewer results in comparing with the coveted results, the people might come in a province of depression which is further complicated by the deficiency of emotional support being provided to the patients. Another inauspicious result which is apparent in such instances is the return of fleshiness which would impact overall perceptual experience of the patient. When faced with this contradiction, the patient either loses all religion in the processs or is driven to set about more processs till the clip the desired results are achieved. However the human organic structure has adaptability continuance and such drastic and frequent alterations in the organic structure might take to the rejection of the alterations and could give manner to severe complications that would hold a long term impact on the patient ( David J Castle, 2007 ) . Surveies have shown that fleshiness is one such status which can impact the psychological positions of the person. In the event of the development of complexnesss and contraindications in the patients, they may besides be exhibit turns of emotional effusions due to their perceived self image being much more glorious than the existent results. However the psychological facets of suction lipectomy do non ever have a negative result. The other facet of this process is that the decrease in organic structure weight and fat have enabled to do themselves more presentable in societal circles and this has been one of the major factors for the development of ego assurance in the people. In some instances, the effects of suction lipectomy have besides provided the persons with the opportunity of get bying with the quandary of societal individuality and presence quandary. Other plastic surgery processs have enabled people to dissemble their cicatrixs and other such characteristics such as gynaec omastia which may seen socially unacceptable due to their eccentric characteristics and mentality. In footings of suction lipectomy, gynaecomastia is the major issue refering the male population as this status leads to the expansion of the mammary parts in males which makes them resemble like female chests. This is non merely an awkward characteristic sing the image of the male in the society but besides subjects the patient with societal jeer and rejection at times. With the aid of suction lipectomy, the people are able to do themselves more presentable to the society and thereby get awaying jeer or being made the topic of rejection. This is an illustration of the benefits of the use of plastic surgery processs on the emotional and psychological facets of such processs ( David J Castle, 2007 ) . Peoples globally have generated a belief in the society where the demand to hold perfect organic structure proportions defines the mode in which the image of a individual is perceived in the society. This perceptual experience has besides infiltrated the confines of the households where hubbies have expressed an involvement in the physical mentality of their life spouses. If the married womans are unable to follow with their outlooks, so their soldierly relation is frequently nullified as the work forces seek more beautiful opposite numbers for their married womans. Every civilization puts frontward certain features that are preferred in both work forces and adult females and the absence or deficiency of such characteristics causes depression in the people as they are non seen in a feasible place in the society. This besides drives them to set about the surgical processs in order to get the better of their defects. The demand for these processs to be adopted by adult females is acqui ring attending of their hubbies. The positive facets of this scenario are that they are made capable of run intoing the outlooks as per societal norms and in bend they are able to engender spouses with good physical features. They besides develop a higher degree of assurance which enables better interactions to be maintained in the societal kingdom. The negative facets of this scenario is that the possible complications originating from such processs could turn out to be fatal for the patient and their finding to follow with societal norms would merely take to sculpt results being faced by them ( David J Castle, 2007 ) .Effectiveness of the Plastic Surgery Procedures:The effectivity of the plastic surgery processs has ever been a subject of argument as the rating of the results is significantly dependent on the perceptual experiences of the people and the extent to which the surgical process is able to stand up to their outlooks. There are several factors which may take to the devel opment of complications or may even decline the complications that have surfaced in the patients. The bulk of the factors pertain to the physical features of the person and the ability of the individual ‘s immune system to integrate the drugs that are administered in the procedure ( What Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) . The followers is a summarisation of the factors that contribute to the development of the complications in the patient station operation: Sl. No. Factors impacting Surgery Possible Complications Factors declining Complications 1 Age of Patient Infection at the operation site. Smoke and / or Consumption of spirits in any signifier 2 Overall Patient Health Excessive hemorrhage. Damaging of connective tissues. 3 Patient ‘s Medical History Bruising of the operated site / part. Happening of skin harm due to proviso of radiation therapy. 4 Extent of the abnormalcy / malformation Incomplete healing of lesion. Adverse effects of weakened immune system due to the presence of HIV+ in the patient. 5 Expectations of the patients Surgical complications Poor nutritionary wonts. 6–Complications based on the type of anaesthesia used during the process. Decrease in blood flow station operation which could detain the healing of the operated site and could take to the incurrence of assorted infections. ( Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Overview, 2008 ) The above mentioned factors determine to some extent the predicted result of the surgeries in such conditions. The processs conducted on the patients are irrevokable and irreversible but this does non intend that the effects of the surgery are besides lasting. These alterations last for a limited clip on the footing of the precautional steps and the environmental factors impacting the same ( What Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) . Procedures such as suction lipectomy have been late reported to hold uneffective results. But the patients do non see their ain personal features or the deficiency of equal attending being given to the operated site. In the instance of such deficiency of attention, there is a high hazard of developing complications. If intelligence of such drastic results are made public so the people are misled either deliberately or accidentally to discourage from utilizing a peculiar engineering. While this may be considered as a positive move being made by the people, the negative facet associated with this is normally ignored as the people do non experience that the other facets have a important impact on their lives. But the mass disincentive to utilize a peculiar engineering has driven people to set about such processs in hastiness which are non certified by authorised organic structures and this subjects them to high hazard of damaging themselves and their external expressions drastically ( W hat Is Liposuction? Liposuction Risks And Benefits, 2012 ) .Research Data Analysis:In order to understand the deductions of plastic surgeries, a study was conducted so as to obtain the sentiment of the people sing the impact of plastic surgery processs, particularly suction lipectomy, on the societal kingdom. ( Please refer to Appendix A for a transcript of the Survey Prepared for obtaining the positions of the people sing plastic surgery. ) The sample size was maintained at 100 respondents consisting of people from all age groups and ethnicity. No specific population has been identified for the research as the society in general is constituted of people belonging to diverse cultural sections.Discussion:On the footing of the replies obtained by the study designed for this study, it was noted that people by and large indulge in plastic surgery today to heighten their characteristics and do themselves more attractive while avoiding the existent functional usage of the plastic surgeries. The attainment of a perfect figure was the primary ground stated by the respondents in the context of the demand to set about such surgeries. This is in support of our statement which highlighted this demand as the drive factor behind the use of these processs. Assorted responses were obtained from the respondents in the context of the proviso of emotional support which clearly indicates the fact there is no installation to supply the requi re support to the patients by agencies of which they may be able to get the better of their complications or even develop the needed assurance to get by with the alterations. Peoples have besides expressed their vacillation in accepting those members of the society who indulge in surgical processs for the sweetening of their characteristics. This is clearly a society specific position where the positions may differ from society to society. A bulk of the respondents were unsure of the effectivity of the surgical processs and were non certain whether these effects lasted everlastingly or for a specific continuance. In this respect it should be noted that the proviso of equal public consciousness is quintessential for keeping the efficiency and effectivity of the procedure. About 80 % of the respondents have agreed to the fact that these processs have been extremely good in the development of ego assurance in the people and the people have been enabled to do themselves more presentable to the society. Assorted responses were obtained when the respondents were asked whether people could be driven to compulsion and dependence with regard to these processs. Similar responses were obtained in the instance of the hazards associated with these processs which farther strengthen the demand for public consciousness to be made in this respect.Recommendation:In order to guarantee the effectivity of the plastic surgery process, the undermentioned recommendations are made: Awareness should be generated among the people sing the hazards involved with these processs and the results / complications which could develop if equal precautional steps are non undertaken. The outlooks from the process should be maintained realistically with no extraordinary and bizarre purposes being defined by the people. Tested and adequately certified processs should be sought by the patients in order to minimise the hazard of the development of station operative complications. The patients should measure their ain personal physical features and the resiliency of the immune systems before set abouting any process. The society should be encouraged to accept people in their existent individuality without specifying rigorous positions based on physical features. This is a signifier of complete biasness towards the members of the several society.Decision:Plastic Surgery is decidedly a great tool for rectifying physical malformations and get the better ofing societal carelessness due to the presence of these malformations in a individual. However the abuse of this blessing has resulted in the lives of many people with an every bit big population still enduring from the desperate effects of the surgeries. Most of these effects are realized after a important clip has elapsed after the surgery has been conducted. It is quintessential for people to understand the hazards associated with these processs before choosing for it. The disenchantment offered by widespread promotion of such processs by famous persons has endangered the wellness and lives of many who undergo this life changing process merely to accomplish flawlessness immediately. A thorough cognition of such surgeries should be availed to salvage non merely 1 ‘s ain life and wellness but besides of those who have been influenced into choosing for such processs. Hence the deductions of plastic surgery portray a important negative impact on the people ( Holley, 2011 )

Psyc 305 Exam #1 Study Guide

PSYC 305 Exam #1 Study Guide Defense Mechanisms: help ego deal with anxiety (Ego cannot handle the conflicts between ID and superego. ) * Rationalism: plausible, but false reason for action * â€Å"I needed to break up with my boyfriend for his own good. † * Sublimation: socially productive displacement * â€Å"I’ll just go to the gym. † * Projection: ascribing own impulses to others * â€Å"He hates me. † * Denial: refusal to acknowledge the impulse * â€Å"I don’t hate my ex. † * Intellectualization: clear, undistorted recognition of impulse over explained and with emotion removed * â€Å"I always have trouble with relationships† Repression: impulses or experiences kept unconscious * â€Å"I feel nothing towards him. † * Isolation: cutting off thoughts related to occurrence * â€Å"I never think about him. † * Identification: merging ones identity with someone else * â€Å"I want to be just like that bully. † * R eaction Formation: transform impulse to the opposite * â€Å"I love my father so much. † (LOVE/HATE) * Displacement: impulses toward another activity * â€Å"What a bad day, I hate my boss and my job, punch hole in wall. † Freud’s Psychosexual Stages (oral – anal – phallic – latency – Genital) * Oral * Birth to age 1 Focus on mouth and feeding * All ID, all the time * From passive > active * Oral fixation * Passive, overly optimistic, dependent * â€Å"Experiencing through the mouth† * Traits: passive dependent, oral aggressive, oral erotic * Anal * Sphincter muscle * Age 1 – 3 * Experiencing through elimination and retention * Excreting – toilet training, ego development * Anal fixation – orderliness, parsimony and simplicity, obstinacy and stubbornness * Traits: passive aggressive, paranoid, compulsive, messy/disorganized, stubborn/stingy * Phallic * Age 3 – 5 * Focus on genitals and masturbation S uccessful passage leads to development of the superego * Solid understanding of the opposite sex * Fixation – immature super ego, pore sex-role typing, sexuality issues * Genitals * Seen in noticing genitals and sex differences, special attention to opposite sex-parent * Narcissistic, arrogant, vane * Oedipus conflict * Boys develop sexual feelings for their mothers and want to replace their dad * Castration anxiety: fear that dad will cut off son’s penis as revenge * Resolved when boy decides to follow in dads footsteps * Electra Conflict * Penis envy: girls feel inferior when they realize they do not have a enis, blame mom * Decides to seduce dad for revenge * Seduction hypothesis: real incest between father-daughter. Revised: fantasy only * Conflict resolved when girl learns to indentify with mother * Latency * Age 5 – puberty * Nothing much going on –ID, ego, superego already developed * Genital * Starts at puberty * Sexual satisfaction from opposite sex * Development of adult sexuality * Proper resolution if no past fixations Freud’s Topographic Model (iceberg) 3 components 1. Conscious mind: aware, accept, identify 2. Unconscious mind: can be brought to awareness readily 3. Preconscious mind: repressed. * ID Unconscious * Preverbal * Source of our instincts and passions * Infant * Driven by pleasure principle * â€Å"Innocent child that doesn’t know any better† * Primary process * First to develop * Libido: sexual energy * Eros: life instinct * Thanatos: death instinct * Balances sex and aggression * Satisfy urges, reduces tension * Seeks pleasure * Ego * The mostly conscious part of the mind * Balances or goes between id, superego and reality * Grows out of the id (ego is shown first even though id exists first) * Face the real world * Understands reality * Decision maker between id and superego * Secondary process/future Second to develop * Brings unity to personality * Reality principle * Superego * Int ernalization of parental images and rules * Includes â€Å"thou shalts† (ego ideal) and â€Å"thou shalt nots† (conscience) * Rules and restrictions of parents/society * Third to develop * Rules and morals of society * Guilty * Phrenology: theory that personality characteristics could be determined by reading the bumps on the skull. (Franz gall) * Localized thinking, feeling and personality in the brain * Attempted to be scientific in explaining characteristic behavior * Fostered scientific debate about the nature and causes of personality Person Metaphors (as a†¦) * Animal: * Respond to reward, punishment * Can be prisoner of its biology * Scientist: * Seek the truth * Try to understand the world by making/testing theories * Actor: * Idea of life as drama (roles) * Writing/acting out scripts * Backstage/onstage * Pathology as role confusion * Computer: * Hardware & software * Data * Programs needing to be debugged * Input > output * Machine: * Causes & effects * Snake biting then developing a fear of snakes * System (ecosystem) * Interconnecting living parts * Self-regulation toward homeostasis * Little changes can have big effects Homeostatic level * Avoid anxiety/fear * Pilot * The self * Being in the drivers seat, steering towards goals * Personality: 1. The stylistic aspects of how we think, feel and act and motives implied by these that make us agreeable or to live with (Dollinger). 2. The underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and experience (Cloninger). * 3 D’s 1. Description: how do we describe people? a. Traits > measures characteristics on continuous scales factors > measures an individuals characteristics based on a group of related traits types > putting people into categories 2.Dynamics: How do our personalities influence our behaviors and motivation? 3. Development: what determines our personality? * Idiographic: looks at the characteristics of a single individual * Individual, one person, different traits * Nomothetic: comparing one person to another * Group of people, one trait in different people * Assessment 1. Interviews (value interactive and subjective approach) a. Unstructured i. Clinical Judgment b. Structured ii. Training, reliability/consistency c. Both should involve empathy, warmth and concern 2. Questionnaires (large sample, need good norms, value efficiency and objectivity) d.General or specific e. Obvious or subtly f. Logically keyed (theory) g. Empirically keyed (what items correlate with) 3. Objectivity: Keeps things standardized and eliminate interviewer bias 4. Subjectivity: Assess your â€Å"feel† for who the person is and the informers reliability in answering. * Reliability: the consistency of response to a psychological assessment (standardization) * Consistency/stability * Questionnaire producing consistent results from time one to time two * Validity: the extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure * Really measu res what it claims to measure Predictive Validity: how well a test score predicts future behavior * Does a test predict a behavior that the researcher accept as a criterion for the construct being measured * Content Validity: How well the individual items relate to measured construct (face validity) * Test – retest reliability, alternate forms * Correlation * An observational method * Looks for associations between two psychological constructs * Social support and depression * Yields a number representing the degree that two constructs are associated with each other * Coefficient Pearson’s r statistic * Range -1 to +1 * -1 = perfect inverse relationship * 0 = no mathematical relationship * +1 = perfect positive relationship * Limitations * Can’t determine cause and effect relationships * Can only conclude that one or more variable are associated with each other * Good enough if goal is prediction only * Independent Variables: the variables that are manipulated. * Dependent Variable: not manipulated but measured for possible change effects.