The Existence Of External Forces :: essays research papers

The Existence of External ForcesTo determine whether a particular action was decided upon by an undivided or whether the action was predetermined one must study its causal agent. Instudying sheath one finds that there are two types of manages those that aretypified by natural laws, such as a dropped book falling to the ground, andthose typified by the moral pass onations of men. This distinction isimportant because it shows both that no man can take hold his environment contraryto the laws of natural or scientific laws, but neither are his actionscompletely out of his control.The first type of cause we can consider as accepted facts, these wouldbe the natural and scientific laws that all objects must obey. It is obviouslyfalse to assume that a man may walk finished a tree or fly like a bird, but thesethings can be factors in the set of causes leading to an action.The second type of cause is more difficult to define. It is made up ofthe past experience and perceptions of men, b ut more importantly it is the wayin which men use these things. This type of cause is arrived at differently ineveryone, and it can non be measured, predicted, or understood as well as theother type. In fact it is often unable to be seen at all, but it must existsimply because the entire world or even the simple workings of one mans braincannot be set forth completely using only the laws of nature. A complex moraldecision is created in the mind of men by more that just a stochastic or predictableset of electrical impulses, but by the not completely understood spiritual andpsychological make-up of men. This type is the true cause of an action.When one sees this combination of causes he must accept the idea ofdualism. Dualism is the idea that there are two hemispheres of the universe,the physical, ordered and understood by science, and the spiritual, abstract andnot understood. The spiritual hemisphere is the force that guides actions thatcannot be explained solely by physical cause s. While the moralistic cause mayhave more weight in the type of action, it cannot ever defy natural laws. Forthis reason both radical determinism and free give seem impossible. With thisdescription given, to determine the amount of free will that a thing has, it isonly necessary to see how that thing uses or is affected by the two types ofcauses.Let us first consider man. spell is obviously the creature for which this

What Dogs Need :: Papers

What Dogs Need People and animals postulate the same things to be happy and healthy. Just like you, your cross needs food, water, shelter, grooming, health care, and love. Puppy eating.Below shows things, which help dogs to stay happy and healthy Water For Your Dog ------------------ Your dog needs at least 2 dishes fill up with fresh water everyday. One should be in the house and the new(prenominal) should be outside. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- The water should always be kept clean, cool and fresh. If the water gets grim or warm during the day, your dog would be very happy to get a cool refill. A dog in his doghouse.Did you know that your dogs water would stop dead in the winter when it is very cold? It will also get too warm in hot, summer weather. If the water is too warm, it cannot cool your dogs body. present are some special tips to help keep your dog safe and happy in hot and cold weather. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Shelter For Your Dog -------------------- People and animals need shelter from the harsh elements of weather. Wild animals go to their den or cave to escape the hot sun and cold rain. A shelter provides safety from other animals that might cause them harm. A shelter is a safe area to call home. A dog without a fenced yard or enclosed patio is a dog that is not safe. Dogs that are allowed to run loose will eventually become lost, stolen or hit by a car. This is not a safe situation for your dog and it is against the law. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- In many families, dogs do live outside. Thats okay as long as they have shelter outside from the braggy weather. A special doghouse is good access to a garage is fine, as long as there are no dangers for the dog to find. A bed inside of the doghouse or garage would be as welcome as flowers in s pringtime. ----------------------------------------------------------------------

Sin in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Sin in Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is an excellent short flooring from the 1800s. In this short story Hawthornes main character, Goodman Brown, goes out into the woods with the devil and is tempted by the devil each step of the way. In Young Goodman Brown, Hawthorne uses characters who are leaders of their community and symbolistic settings to show that in spite of how prominent a person is he or she is capable of evil under the right conditions. Through the use of community leaders, Hawthorne shows that there is evil in everyone. As Goodman Brown heads into the woods with the prince of darkness, he encounters several of his community leaders creating evil. First, he and Satan encounter Goody Cloyse, Goodmans spiritual adviser and former catechism teacher. after Goodman goes off among the trees, the devil and Goody have a conversation. Instantly, Goody recognizes him as the devil. Then Satan says, Then Goody Cloyse knows her old frien d?1 The conversation afterward reveals Goody is a witch and is on her way to the Black Sabbath. Shortly afterwards, as Goodman was resting, Deacon Gookin, Goodmans other spiritual advisor, walks by with a curate. He and the minister are talking about missing a church ordination dinner to attend the satanic gathering. The deacon says,Besides several of the Indian powwows, who, after their fashion know almost as much deviltry as the best of us, (311). The whole time Goodman is on the trail, he is committing sin. Every step of the way, he is forsaking his god. He slowly succumbs to sin as the lord of the underworld coaxes him. At the meeting, when a voice screamed out, Bring forth the converts(315), Goodman steps forward, accepting evil. beneath the right settings, anybody is capable of evil. Using the right settings, Hawthorne creates symbolistic environments to make so called heavenly characters turn to evil. In the village of Salem, the villagers look up to Deacon Go okin and Goody Cloyse as highly spiritual people. The village of Salem is symbolistically any town or church, and Deacon Gookin and Goody Cloyse are the sinless leaders of the church. Along the path in the woods, Goodman Brown watches the deacon and Goody committing sins and not grieving over their sins.

High School Literature :: essays papers

High School Literature The horizontal surface Brownies by ZZ Packer could be looked at as a work of literature from certain views, but in the opinion of Prose, the author of I Know Why the Caged Bird Can non Read, I do not believe that this story would be looked at as a work of literature. This story does not seem very uplifting as Prose would want it to be for a high school reader. Although it is a very interesting story and it holds many important messages about our society and culture, it does not hold up to Proses standards as a work of literature.Prose believes that we have rushed to sacrifice complexity for diversity. (Prose, 76) This is exactly why I do not think that Prose would choose this story as a something she would want students to read. The reader is being squandered on regimens of trash and semi-trash, taught for reasons that have nothing to do with how well the book is written. (Prose, 76) Prose often duologue about how stories that are chosen for our soc ietys high school curriculum are not complicated enough. The stories read by students are golden to read, and demand very little thought from the reader. Prose uses words such as transformative, complex, powerful, and profound for the books she believes should be used. These words do not describe the story Brownies by ZZ Packer.Although there are many accurate similes and decently used language in the story Brownies, the overall point of the story seems very simple for a high school student to pick up on. I do not think it would engender a feeling of deep thought for students, as Prose would want. The story Brownies seems like it would be easy to fail. It seems like more of the type of story that would evoke more of a response, which in my opinion would not be greatly valued by Prose. She seems like she would be more interested in having a high school student have to work to analyze a story, than respond about how they felt about a certain piece of writing. Racism is a str ong message in the story Brownies. on that point are two troops of brownies camping in the same area. One of the troops is black girls, and the other is all white girls.

Norman Mailers An American Dream: The Character of Steven Rojack :: essays papers

Norman Mailers An American Dream The Character of St notwithstanding RojackIn almost every genre of literary productions there is the classicantagonist, and the classic booster station. When examining thesecharacters, there are certain guidelines which authorsfollow. However, there are times in literature when theclassic guidelines are broken, and a brand-new prototype emerges.Contemporary writer Norman Mailer broke the mold of the classiccharacter(s) when writing the novel, An American Dream. In AnAmerican Dream, there is no set protagonist or antagonist. Infact, Mailer has taken these two separate identities and mergedthem into one character. The product is the main character ofthe novel, Steven Rojack. Throughout the novel the readerisnt sure if they emergency him to succeed, or fail. This is due toRojacks ever-changing personality. He first seems like theperfect man, a decorated war hero who knows all the rightpeople. However, shortly aft(prenominal) this impression i s made anotheris formed. He murders his wife in cold blood and lies to thepolice, claimi ng she committed suicide. As the novelcontinues however, Rojack realizes the horror of his crime and evenconfesses what he has done to a woman he loves. Due to therealization of his crime, he is redeemed in the eye of the reader.From this point on, the reader wants Rojack to succeed. However,before net judgement can be passed, it is imperative that Rojacksentire character be explored.Steven Rojack is first introduced as a prominent man in nightspotwho becomes recognized due to his decoration in militaryservice. Through this service he became close with many famouspoliticians, laborer Kennedy being one. It is through Jack thatRojack meets his first wife, Deborah, a woman who he describeswould be bored with a diamond as big as the Ritz (1) Afterserving a bourn in Congress, he and Deborah marry.Unfortunately, the relationship they have is one in whichDeborah has full control. As he conti nues to describe therelationship with his wife it is often filled with bittermemories. He remembers going to parties where she wouldcompare his worth to that of another mans. It is from thisthat a bitter hatred stems towards Deborah. Finally, afterseven years of marriage, they separate. However, after theseparation, Deborahs need are still covered by Steven, who isnow a college professor and the host of a popular TV show. Inaddition to this Deborah main tains a close contact with him,seeing him whenever she desires.

Norman Mailers An American Dream: The Character of Steven Rojack :: essays papers

Norman Mailers An American Dream The Character of Steven RojackIn almost every genre of literature there is the classicantagonist, and the classic protagonist. When examining thesecharacters, there argon certain guidelines which authorsfollow. However, there are times in literature when theclassic guidelines are bustn, and a new prototype emerges.Contemporary writer Norman Mailer broke the mold of the classiccharacter(s) when writing the novel, An American Dream. In AnAmerican Dream, there is no set protagonist or antagonist. Infact, Mailer has taken these two start out identities and mergedthem into bingle character. The product is the main character ofthe novel, Steven Rojack. Throughout the novel the readerisnt sure if they want him to succeed, or fail. This is due toRojacks ever-changing personality. He setoff seems like theperfect man, a decorated war hero who k this instants all the rightpeople. However, shortly after this impression is made otheris formed. He murde rs his wife in cold blood and lies to thepolice, claimi ng she committed suicide. As the novelcontinues however, Rojack realizes the horror of his crime and evenconfesses what he has done to a woman he loves. Due to therealization of his crime, he is redeemed in the eye of the reader.From this point on, the reader wants Rojack to succeed. However,before final judgement can be passed, it is imperative that Rojacksentire character be explored.Steven Rojack is first introduced as a prominent man in societywho becomes recognized due to his decoration in phalanxservice. Through this service he became close with many famouspoliticians, Jack Kennedy being one. It is through Jack thatRojack meets his first wife, Deborah, a woman who he describeswould be bored with a diamond as big as the Ritz (1) Afterserving a term in Congress, he and Deborah marry.Unfortunately, the relationship they have is one in whichDeborah has full control. As he continues to describe therelationship with hi s wife it is often filled with bittermemories. He remembers going to parties where she wouldcompare his worth to that of another mans. It is from thisthat a bitter hatred stems towards Deborah. Finally, afterseven years of marriage, they separate. However, after theseparation, Deborahs needs are still covered by Steven, who isnow a college professor and the host of a popular TV show. Inaddition to this Deborah main tains a close contact with him,seeing him whenever she desires.

Leadership philosophies

There ar many types of loss leaders philosophies that solely require a clearness of take aim to be conquestful. Their discrepancy lies in their approach to dealing with the subject of leaders and pursuithip. It is essential to define leadership philosophy front before engaging in a huge discussion on the types that comprise it. So what is exactly a leadership philosophy? Encarta defines philosophy as 1. Examination of basic concepts the branch of knowledge or academic study devoted to the systematic examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality, causality, and freedom2. School of thought a break openicular system of thought or doctrine 3. Guiding or underlying principles a set of basic principles or concepts underlying a particular sphere of knowledge 4. Set of beliefs or aims a precept, or set of precepts, beliefs, principles, or aims, underlying somebodys practice or conduct Leadership philosophy is and then based on a set of ideas and beliefs that se t the example to how many peck experience their lives or envision their future. Leadership philosophy is an understanding combined with a purpose for the aim of advancing the general good.Leaders use divers(prenominal) and various philosophies to motivate their followers whether those are citizens or employees. The type of philosophy adopted by a leader usu wholey depends on the outcomes desired. For instance, a common type of leadership philosophy adopted by business employers is enlightened philosophy where the ideas of the employees themselves are employ to change, improve and advance the organization. The leader assumes the comp angiotensin-converting enzyment part of the guide and inquires into what mickle would resembling to see within the organization thereby effectively involving them in the process and making them feel useful.The employees or followers give their opinion, suggest the ideas they would like to see in reality coming out and compose a plan through with(p redicate) and through which to achieve that. This all is d maven under the directive leadership of a person who assumes the role of counselor, advisor and guide without imposing his views on the process and thereby securing both the involvement of the followers as well as their productive happiness since they would feel much than useful when they stooge contrisolelye to improving their lives with their ideas.Not all philosophies work or achieve the desired effect. One of the less successful philosophies, in contrast to the successful illuminating type of leadership philosophy that has already been mentioned, is called the groupthink. It is truly similar to the enlightening philosophy where the people are supported to give their opinion and share their ideas. However what makes the groupthink less desirable as a leadership philosophy is that it mainly supports the person who bob ups the idea but does not examine the idea in itself.(Baird) As a consequence of this, bad policies are often made official since the leaders role was limited to supporting instead of both supporting and criticizing the ideas that were developed. It is thus essential that a leader combines between the role of guide and critique in an open discussion of ideas exchange to both secure the inclusion of only good ideas as well as go by the zephyr competitive and fresh which would not happen if all ideas are passed.The next type of leadership philosophy to be examined is called the irresponsible leadership and it is a style that is, as the name might suggest, full of tyranny and despotism which makes it thus very similar to dictatorship and thoroughgoing(a)ly several(predicate) from the two types of leadership styles that have been mentioned so far and that are more democratic in nature. The autocratic leadership style is mainly seen in governments just like the enlightening leadership philosophy is mainly applied in businesses.The autocratic style involves more negative than pos itive sides and that is mainly because the type of rule associated with it is one of complete control and lack of freedom which goes against humans most basic need and essential human aspect. Though this style is more likely to be found in governments businesses do have tyrants themselves. For instance a CEO may fire any employee who does not agree with him which connotes lack of diversity and a suffocated repressed atmosphere where the worker or citizen is not able to achieve his true potential.The next example in leadership philosophy is the reachmaid style of leading others. firearm most leaders tend to lead others with the assumption that that requires a certain traditional superior attitude, experience and research have proven that the inclusion of the followers in the process is more likely to produce the desired results. A more humble and less arrogant attitude is therefore more comprehended from the leader himself. It is understandable and logical to think of leaders as little bit over the top figures who are in a sort part of the group but still above it.But as stated, this approach might not produce the best environment for all and therefore a retainer leadership style is the best solution for the problem. Servant leadership opposes autocratic leadership and as has been exemplified autocratic leadership usually fails. Paul McDaniel in his bind How to Practice Servant Leadership illustrates the role of the handmaiden leader very clearly and eloquently in the following words A servant leader acts as a steward to the organizations financial, human, and other resources.Servant Leadership emphasizes trust, empathy, collaboration, and the ethical use of power. At the heart of servant leadership, the idiosyncratic leader of an organization is a servant first. He or she makes a conscious decision to lead in order to better serve others, not to increase his or her own power. The servant leaders objective is to enhance the growth of individuals in the organization and increase teamwork and personal involvement. It is interesting to observe these different types of leadership and to also reflect on what makes one more successful than another.In the case of servant leadership versus autocratic leadership the leader assumes the role of a humble servant to the others in the group thereby getting closer to them and assuring them that what matters is the advancement of the goals and the achievement of their purpose. After all true leadership emerges from the true desire to help others. Through becoming more familiar with the group one assures that positive change is more assured as he can allocate the different assigns in a more effective manner to those who can perform them best.It also guarantees the trust of the follower in the leader when the latters personality and agenda are better understood. Servant leadership is a way through which to foster trust into each other and creates an environment where the voice of every member coun ts which makes a joyful working and financial support environment more possible. Enlightening, autocratic and servant leadership have been mentioned so far. The next types of leadership philosophy that deserve a closer inspection are the ethical leadership..and the collective leadership. The latter is hard to define since it is still a relatively new area which makes and many people have different theories about it. Collective leadership has been defined by Alain Gauthier as Co-leadership that embraces the diversity of people and perspectives and frees up self-initiative and collective intelligence. When practiced across sectors, it creates the conditions for societal learning and launching through an increased sense of interdependence and a deeper trust in self-organization.It is commonly agreed that it incorporates cultural and technological resources in a manner that allows people to work together better for the advancement of the communitys prosperity. Collective leadership is only possible when the members of a group have formed a closer adhesion with each other and therefore can work better together. Collectivity after all is more about the we than the I. Ethical Leadership is when the leader is very familiar with the essential determine of his convictions and has the vision and courage to live up to them and include them in his work and realization of his goals.Ethical leadership combines between the inner values and beliefs of the leader in interrogative sentence and the behavior and external conditions of the outside world. People who want to make a difference need to combine between their vision, and all that comes along with it in terms of integrity and clearness of purpose, and their commitment to do well and make a difference. Ethical leadership assumes that only through cover the inner journey one can really express and realize the outer one. To understand what makes a person a leader it is essential to first grasp what differentiates him f rom a follower.A person does not need to be a hero to be a leader. Leadership does not come in one form or type and different type of people suit different forms of leadership. Leadership does not have a gender requirement. Men and women can both lead. The secret lies in convincing others of your ability to realize their dreams and advance the common good. As stated leadership comes in many forms just like the leader does. People naturally differ in how they define the word in itself and nobody can say that their vision is right or scathe since the issue is broad and left to different interpretations.Followers naturally expect leaders to show them things and set for them an example. They expect the leader to take care of their needs and therefore it follows that be a leader is neither an easy job nor one that anyone can conduct regarding the many responsibilities attached to it. Leadership philosophies are based on the vision and experiences of the leader. Leadership is never stag nant as it is always a subject of continues development depending on the circumstances and the different ideas the leader himself might develop over time.Leadership philosophy is therefore a subject of continues growth regarding its attachment to the human nature who is never stagnant and always seeks change and new ideas. numerous of the leadership philosophies that are practiced nowadays were used by the Marine Corps and involve Justice, judgment, dependability, initiative, decisiveness, integrity, loyalty and enthusiasm(Leadership Philosophies). Each of these terms will be given a ore thoughtful explanation in the following regarding the importance of each word in defining the various leadership philosophies and understanding them.Justice makes an individual more consistent and better valued. It makes the leader avoid criticism of favoritism and therefore decreases the tension in the group. The ability to use judgment to avoid being accused of favoring one person above the other is therefore very important for a leader. Dependability on the other hand is is the willing and spontaneous support of the policies and orders of the chain of command (Wright, 1984/2002). Being dependable means being reliable and therefore trustworthy which are obviously great and essential feature in a leader.Along with this goes initiative that shows enthusiasm and sets the example. A good leader needs to always set the right and best example to inspire the followers. (Leadership Philosophies) decisiveness shows the ability to make a decision and therefore the ability to lead. This again increases the trust of the group in the leader and secures success. Loyalty on the other hand shows commitment to the group and its goals and enhances the trust of the people in the leader. It shows integrity and honesty and these are essential traits of a good leadership philosophy.Leadership philosophies are very different but at the core they have the same purpose in mind which is leading. Leaders are thus guided by their leadership philosophy. The question that might arise in relevance to the different types of leadership is whether it is better as a leader to be feared or loved. As has been discussed previously autocratic leadership is less successful than the enlightening or servant form of leadership. However, Harvard professor Scott Snook provides a different interpretation of the issue.He illustrates through two examples that different leadership styles do not necessarily result in the success of one above the other. He argues that leadership is essentially influenced by human nature and therefore by the philosophy of the person in charge. Though different in approach both leaders still have the same vision which is success and achievement of goals. He provides the following two examples to enhance this theory further. Bobby Knight Bobby Knight, also known as The General, is the head coach at Texas Tech University.Hes a fiery, in-your-face taskmaster who leads t hrough discipline and intimidation, which some critics say goes too far. Knight was fired from a long career at Indiana University for grabbing a student, and prior to that he was filmed clutching one of his own players by the neck. And then there was the infamous incident during a game when Knight tossed a plica chair across the court to protest a referees call. Mike Krzyzewski Mike Krzyzewski, also known as Coach K, leads the mens basketball program at Duke University.Instead of fear, Krzyzewski relies heavily on positive reinforcement, open and warm communication, and caring support. For Coach K, Its about the heart, its about family, its about seeing the good in people and bringing the most out of them, says Snook. (Ambler) Both coaches achieved desirable results with their teams despite the different leadership philosophies they believed in. To be successful in one of these types of leadership it is however essential to be fully convinced of it being the right style for you.On es actions have to be in congruity with ones words and that is only guaranteed if the leader knows where he stands. The success of a leadership philosophy therefore depends on the leaders full awareness and adherence to it which is the only way through which to guarantee the right implementation of it. Leadership is about inspiring others. This leads the discussion to creative leadership where leaders search for opportunities and introduce change through discovering them.Creative leadership is about solving problems no matter what they are as it evolves around finding new and creative methods to approach things. Creative leadership inspires people to do great things and encourages them to always improve their performance and keep their attitude at all times positive and forward-looking. People perform the required task for a manager but an inspirational leader makes them do their entire best and put all their effort in, not only for financial reasons but because they feel inspired. The following picture illustrates the working dimension of inspirational or creative leadership.

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 27~28

27Girl TalkSepie lap uped the pilots cop in a bowl with pounded coconut and brackish water. She had been taking veneration of the unconscious white man for both days and it was starting to get tedious. She was mispel of the bachelors house, and washing and ministering to a scoreensive and stinky white man was not in her job description. This was wo workforces work.There are legends in the islands, and some of the old men swear they are true, t get into the women who assistant the bachelors houses, the mispels, were taken to the secret island of Maluuk, spangn only to the high navigators, where they were trained in the art of pleasuring a man.After months of training, a mispel was required to pass a exam before she was allowed to return to her inha endorsementation island to take over the duty of tending to the sexual needs of the men of the bachelors house. The discharge? She was sent into the ocean with a mature brown coconut clutched between her thighs, and at that pla ce she floated, in heavy surf, for the entire circuit of the tides. Should the coconut pop loose or the mispel touch it with her hands, she failed the test (although on that point was some leeway in the event of shark attack). It is distri barelye tongue to that the inner thighs of the mispels of old were as strong as net cable. The second part of the test required the girl to picture a delicate d tabloidon pilot orchid with a straight stem, and while her teachers looked on, she would lower herself over the flower until it disappeared inside of her, hence rise again after a few minutes, leaving the stem unbent and the petals unbruised. The mispel held a position of honor, respected and revered among the is-landers. She was not required to do housekeeping, cooking, or weaving, and while the some other womentoiled in taro fields from the time they could walk, a mispel was allowed to nap in the shade, conserving her energy for her nocturnal duties. A mispel often end her tour of duty by marrying a man of high status. No stigma followed her into married life, and she would be sought out to the end of her days by the other women for advice on handling men.Sepie, however, had not been chosen because of any special skill, nor had she passed through any vigorous concubinal boot camp. Sepie had been marked for mispel from the moment of her menses, when she emerged from the womens house with her lavalava laced a bit too high and showing a bit too much cappuccino thigh, her skin rubbed with copra until she glistened all over, and her breasts shining like polished woody tea cups. She had painted her lips with the juice of crushed berries and peppered her long black hair with scores of sweet jasmine blossoms. She giggled coquettishly in the presence of all the men, danced dangerously obturate to the taboo of speaking to them in public, risked beatings by refusing to settle overthrow to her knees when her male cousins passed, and went about her chores with a wigg ly energy that had caused more than sensation of the distracted village sons to fall out of a breadfruit tree during harvest. (She broke ankles as well as hearts.) Sepie was all titter and tease, a lazy girl who excelled at leisure, a natural at invoking and denying desire, a wet dream deferred. At fifteen she took up residence in the bachelors house and had lived in that location for four years.When Malink and the men brought the neb and the man in the dress to her, she knew she was in for some trouble.Take care of them, Malink said. Feed them. Help to make them strong.Sepie kept her head bowed while Malink spoke, nevertheless when he finished she took his hand and led him into the bachelors house, gesturing to the other men to lay the flyer and his sensation on the ground outside. The men smiled among themselves, thinking that old Malink was liberation inside to receive a special favor from the mispel. What, in fact, he was receiving was an ass chewing.Why dont you take them to your house, Malink? I dont want them here.Its a secret. If my wife and daughters find out they are here, then every unrivaled bequeath know.Im the only one who can keep a secret in the bachelors house. Take them to old Sarapuls house. No one goes there.He wants to eat them. Malink couldnt remember ever having to argue with a woman and he wasnt at all prepared for it.Youre old geezer. specialise him not to. I allow for not cook for them. If I feed them, they will shit. Im not going to clean it up.Sepie, what will you do when you marry and seduce children? You will have to do these things then. I am asking you as your chief to do these things.No, Sepie said.Malink sighed. I am asking you to do these things because these men have been sent to us by Vincent.Sepie didnt know what to say. She had heard the gear Priestess chastise Malink in front of the people, exactly she had been more concerned with losing coffee and sugar for a month than with the actual offense. You will tel l the men to cook for them?Yes.And they will carry them to the beach and wash them if they shit?I will tell them. Please, Sepie.No man had ever said please to her before, let alone the chief. It was not a courtesy that women deserved. For the first time she realized how desperate Malink really was. And you will tell Abo to wash his dick when it is his turn.What does that have to do with this?He is stinky.I will tell him.And you will tell Favo to quit making me put form in his ass.Favo does that?He said he learned it from the Japanese.Really? Favo?Yes.But hes old, and he has a wife and many grandchildren.He says it makes his spear stronger.He does? I mean, does it work? Malink had momently forgotten why he was here.I dont like it. It is evil and unclean.Youre talking about my old friend Favo, right? Hes the one youre talking about?I told him only bachelors were suppose to stupefy here, provided he says his wife doesnt understand him. His hands are like the skin of a shark.What ki nd of beads?Tell him, Sepie said.Okay, Malink said in English. then(prenominal) to himself he said Old Favo. He shook his head as he walked out of the bachelors house. Beads.Sepie watched him go, wishing that she had asked for more favors. international the men were grinning when Malink stepped into the moonlight. He hitched up his loincloth and averted his eyes from theirs.Take them inside. You must cook and clean for them. Dont let the woman do it. It is too fundamental for her.As the men carried Tuck and Kimi into the bachelors house, Favo ambled up to Malink. How was it?Malink looked at his old friend and noticed for the first time that Favo wore a long string of ivory beads some his neck. I have to go home now, Malink said.Sepie was, once again, swabbing up the wooden floor where the pilot had urinated on himself, when she heard the other one speak for the first time. The men had propped the Philippine up in the corner, where he had sat drinking the coconut milk and fish br oth that she had been move into the pilot, but except for a few grunts when he made his way outside to urinate, the man in the dress had been quiet for two days. Sepie had learned to ignore him. He didnt smell as magnanimous as the pilot, and she sort of liked his flowered dress. Shed said a prayer to Vincent for a dress just like it.Where is Roberto? the Filipino said.Sepie jumped. It didnt surprise her so much that he had spoken, but that he had spoken in her language. Although the words were clipped, the way someone from Iffallik or Satawan might speak.Hes right here, she said. Your friend stinks. You should take him outside and wash him in the sea.Thats not Roberto. Thats Tucker. Roberto is shorter. Kimi crawled over to Tuck and laid his hand on the flyers forehead. He has bad fever. You have medicine?Aspirin, Sepie said. Malink had minded(p) her a bottle of the tablets to crush into the flyers broth, but after he gagged on the first dose she had stopped giving it to him.He i s more sick than aspirin. He needs a doctor. You have a doctor?We have the Sorcerer. He does our medicine. He was a doctor before the Sky Priestess came.Kimi looked at her. What island is this?Alualu.Ha We have to get doctor for Tucker. He owes me five hundred dollars.Sepies eyes went wide. No wonder he wears such a fine dress. Five hundred dollars She said, The chief says I have to be secret about this man. Everyone knows he is here. The boys get drunk and talk. But I cant get the doctor.Why are you taking care of him? You are just a girl.I am not just a girl. I am mispel.Kimi scoffed. There are no mispels anymore.Sepie threw work through the rag she was using to wipe the floor. What do you know? You are a man in a dress, and I dont believe you have five hundred dollars.It was a nice dress before the typhoon, Kimi said. Wash-and-wear. No dry cleaning.Sepie nodded as if she knew what he was talking about. It is a very comely dress. I like it.You do? Kimi picked at the crushed plea ts around his legs. Its just an old thing I picked up in Manila. It was on sale. You really like it?Sepie didnt understand. Among her people, if you admired someones else possession, manners bound them to give it to you. How could this silly man speak her language and still not know her customs. And he wasnt even looking at her that way all men looked at her.What island do you come from?Satawan, Kimi said. I am a navigator.Sepie scoffed. There are no more navigators.Just then the doorway darkened and they looked up to come up Abo, the fierce one, entering the bachelors house. He was lean and heavily muscled and he wore a permanent scowl on his face. The sides of his head were shaved and tattooed with images of hammerhead sharks. He wore his hair tied into a warriors topknot that had gone out of fashion a hundred years ago.Has the pilot awakened? he growled.Sepie looked down and smiled coyly. Abo was the one boy in the bachelors house who didnt seem to accept the communal nature of her position. He was always jealous, enraged, or brooding, but hebrought her many presents, sometimes even copies of plurality that he stole from the mens drinking circle. Sepie design she might marry him someday.He is too sick for this, Kimi said. We need to take him to the doctor.Malink says he must outride here until he is well.He is dying. Kimi said.Abo looked at Sepie for confirmation.Well, he smells dead, she said. The sooner they sent the pilot to theSorcerer, the sooner she could get blanket to spending her days liquid and preening. Malink will be angry if he dies, she added for good measure.Abo nodded. I will tell him. He pointed to Kimi. You come with me. Kimi got up to leave, then turned back to Sepie when he reached thedoorway. If Roberto comes, tell him Ill be right back. Sepie shrugged. Who is Roberto? Hes a fruit bat. From Guam. You can tell by his accent. Oh, him. I think Sarapul ate him, Sepie said casually. Kimi turned and ran utter into the village.Malink lo oked up from his breakfast, a banana leaf full of fish and rice, to see Abo coming down the coral path toward his house. Malinks wife and daughters shuffled to the galley at the sight of the fierce one.Good morning, Chief, Abo said.Food? Malink answered, gesturing with his breakfast.Abo had already eaten, but it would have been rude not to accept. Yes.Malinks wife poked her head out of the cookhouse and saw the chiefnod. In a second she was giving her own breakfast to Abo, who neither thanked her or acknowledged her presence. The pilot is sick, Abo said. Very bad fever. Sepie and the girl-man say that he will die soon without the Sorcerers help.Malink suddenly lost his appetite. He set his breakfast on the ground and one of his daughters appeared out of nowhere to take it to the cookhouse, where the women shared what was left.And what do you think? Malink asked.I think he is dying. He smells of sickness. Like when Tamu was bitten by the shark and his leg turned black.Malink rubbed his temples. How to handle this? The Sky Priestess was angry with him for even dreaming of the pilot. What would happen if he suddenly showed up with him?What about the girl-man?He is not sick, but he has gone crazy. He runs around the village looking for Sarapul.Malink nodded. Catch him and tie him up. Make a litter and take the pilot to the betel nut trees by the runway. Leave him there.Leave him there?Yes, quickly. And bring the litter back with you. Make it look as if he walked to the runway. Send a boy to me when it is done. Go now.Abo put down his nourishment and ran off down the path.Malink went into his house and pulled the ammo box out of the rafters. Inside, next to the portable phone, he found the Zippo that Vincent had given him. He clicked it open, lit it, and sat it on the floor while it burned. Vincent, he said, Its your friend Malink here. Please tell the Sky Priestess that this is not my fault. Tell her that you have sent the pilot. Please tell her for your friend Malink so she will not be angry. Amen.His prayer finished, Malink snapped the lighter shut, put it away, then took the portable phone and went outside to wait for the boy to tell him everything was in place.28Choose Your Own NightmareTucker Case rolled through a fever dream where he was tossed in great elastic waves of bat-winged demons crushed, smothered, bitten, and scratched and there, amid the chaos, a pink fabric softener sheet passed by the corner of his eye, confirming that he had been stuffed into a dryer in the laundromat of Hell. He tumbled toward the pink, ascended out of the clawing mass, and awoke gasping, with no melodic theme where he was.The pink was a dress on a heart-faced woman who said, Good morning, Mr. Case. Welcome back to the world.A mans voice After your message and the typhoon, we thought for sure youd been lost at sea. He was a white blur with a head, then a lab coat wrapped around a tall, smiling middle-aged man, gray and balding, a stethoscope around his neck.The doctor had his arm around the heart-faced woman. She too was smiling, with the aspect of an angel, the vessel of human kindness. Together they looked as if they had walked off of fifties television.The man said, Im Dr. Sebastian Curtis, Mr. Case. This is my wife, Beth.Tuck tried to speak, but emitted only a rasping squeak. The woman lifted a plastic cup of water to his lips and he drank. He eyed the IV bag running into his arm.Glucose and antibiotics, the doctor said. Youve got some badly infected wounds. The islanders found you washed up on the reef.Tucker did a quick inventory of his limbs by feel, then looked at them lest he had lost a leg that was still giving off phantom feeling. He raised his head to look at his crotch, which was sending pulses of pain up through his abdomen.The woman gently pushed him down. Youre going to be fine. They found you in time, but youre going to need more rest. Bastian can give you something for the pain if you need it.She smiled beati fically at her husband, who patted Tucks arm. Dont be embarrassed, Mr. Case. Beth is a surgical nurse. Im afraid the catheter will have to stay in for a few days.There was another guy with me, Tuck said. A Filipino. He was piloting the boat.The doctor and his wife shot each other a glance and the Ozzie and Harriet calm shattered into panic, but only for a second, then they were back to their reassuring cooing. Tuck wasnt even sure he had seen the break.Im risky, but the islanders didnt find anyone else. He must have been lost in the storm.But the tree. He was hung in the treeBeth Curtis put her finger gently on his lips. Im sorry you lost your friend, Mr. Case, but you need to get some rest. Ill bring you something to eat in a little while and well see if you can hold down some solid food.She pulled her hand away and put her arm around her husbands waist as he pushed a syringe of fluid into Tucks IV tube. Well kerb on you shortly, the doctor said.Tucker watched them walk away and noticed that for all her Little House on the Prairie purity, Beth Curtis had a nice shape under that calico. Then he felt a little sleazy, as if hed been caught horning on a friends mom. Like the time, drunk and full of himself, hed hit on Mary Jean Dobbins.To brilliance with solid food. Gin in large quantities over a tall column of ice thats the rub. Tonic to chase away the blues of bad dreams and men lost at sea.Tuck looked around the room. It was a low-down hospital ward. Only four beds, but amazingly clean considering where it was. And there was some pretty serious-looking equipment against the walls technical stuff on casters, stuff you might use in complicated surgery or to set the timing on a Toyota. He was sure Jake Skye would know what it was. He thought about the Lear squirt, then felt himself starting to doze.Sleep came with the face of a cannibal, leg-jerk dreams, and finally settled in on the oiled breasts of a brown girl brushing againsthis face and smelling of coc onut and flowers. There was a scratch and scuttle on the tin roof, followed by the bark of a fruit bat. Tuck didnt hear it.The pig thief had been caught and Jefferson Pardee had to find a new lead story. He sat at his desk pouring over the notes hed written on a scandalmongering legal pad, hoping that something would jump out at him. In fact, there wasnt a lot of jumping strong there. The notes read They caught the pig thief. Now what?You could run down the leads, pound the pavement, check all your facts with two sources, then structure your meticulously gathered information into the alter pyramid form and what you got was The pigs owner had gotten drunk and beat up his wife, so she sold his pig to someone on the outer islands and bought a used dragoon gun from an ensign with the Navy Cat team. The next time her husband got rough, a group of Japanese tourists found him by the side of the road, sizzling in the dirt like a strip of frying bacon. Mistaking him for a street performe r, the tourists clapped joyously, took pictures of each other standing beside the electrocuted man, and gave his wife five dollars. The whole connive had been exposed when police found the pig-stealing wife in front of the Continental Hotel charging tourists a dollar apiece to watch her zap her husbands twitching supine body. The pose gun was confiscated, no charges were pressed, and the wife beater was pronounced unharmed by a Peace Corps volunteer, although he did need to be reminded several times of his name, where he lived, and how many children he had.The mystery was solved and the Truk Star had no lead story. Jefferson Pardee was miserable. He was actually going to have to go out and find a story or, as he had done so many time before, make one up. The Micro Spirit was in port. Maybe hed go down to the dock and see if he could stir up some news out of the crew. He slid his press card into the band of his Australian bush hat and waddled out the door and down the dusty street to the pier where rock-hard, rope-muscled islanders were loading fifty-five-gallon drums into cargo nets and hoisting them into the holds of the Micro Spirit.The Micro Spirit and the Micro Trader were sister ships small freighters that cruised the Micronesian crescent carrying cargo and passengers to the outer islands. There were no cabins other thanthose of the captain and crew. Passengers traveled and slept on the deck.Pardee waved to the first mate, a heavily tattooed Tongan who stood at the groom chewing betel nut and spitting gooey red comets over the side.Ahoy Pardee called. Permission to come aboard.The mate shook his head. not until we finish loading this jet raise. Ill come down. How you doing, Scoop?Pardee had convinced the crew of the Micro Spirit to call him Scoop one drunken night in the Yumi Bar. He watched the mate leave out over the railing at the bow and monkey down a mooring line to the dock with no more effort than if he was pass down stairs. Watching him made Pardee sad that he was a fat man.The mate strolled up to Pardee and pumped his hand. Good to see you.Likewise, Pardee said. Where you guys in from?We bring chiefs in from Wolei for a conference. Pick up some tuna and copra. Same, same.Pardee looked back at the sailors loading the barrels. Did you say jet fuel? I thought the Mobil tankers handled all the fuel for Continental. Continental was the only major airline that flew Micronesia.Mobil tankers wont go to Alualu. No lagoon, no harbor. We going to Ulithi, then take this fuel special order to the doctor on Alualu.Pardee took a moment to digest the information. I thought the Micro Trader did Yap and Palau States. What are you going all the way over there for?Like I say, special order. Moen has jet fuel, we here in Moen, doctor wants jet fuel soon, so we go. I like it. I never been Alualu and I know a girl on Ulithi.Pardee couldnt help but smile. This was a story in itself. Not a big one, but when the Trader or the Spirit changed sc hedules it made the paper. But there was more of a story somewhere in those barrels of jet fuel, in the ru-mor of armed guards, and in the two pilots that had passed through Truk on the way to No Ones Island. The question for Pardee was Did he want to track it down? Could he track it down?When do you sail? he asked the mate.Tomorrow morning. We get drunk together tonight Yumi Bar. My boys carry you home if you want. Hey? The mate laughed.Pardee felt sick. That was what they knew him for, a fat, drunken white man who they could carry home and then tell stories about.I cant drink tonight. Im sailing with you in the morning. Ive got to get ready.The mate removed the betel nut cud from his cheek and tossed it into the sea, where tiny yellow fish rose to nip at it. He eyed Pardee suspiciously. You going to leave Truk?Its not that big a deal. Ive gone off-island before for a story.Not in ten years I sail the Spirit.Do you have room for another passenger or not?We always have room. You kno w you have to sleep on deck?Pardee was beginning to get irritated. He needed a beer. Ive done this before.The mate shook his head as if clearing his ears of water and laughed. Okay, we sail six in morning. Be on dock at five.When do you come back this way?A month. You can fly from Yap if you dont want to come back with us.A month? Hed have to get someone to run the paper while he was gone. Or perchance not. Would anyone even notice he was gone?Pardee said, Ill see you in the morning. Dont get too drunk.You too, the mate said.Pardee made his way down the dock, feeling every bit of his two hundred and sixty pounds. By the time he made it back to the street, he was soaked with sweat and yearning for a dark air-condition bar. He shook off the craving and headed for the Catholic high school to ask the nuns if they had any bright students who might keep the paper running in his absence.He was going to do it, dammit. Hed be on the dock at five if he had to stay up all night drinking to do it.

Financial Performance Analysis

ABSTRACT Financial Performance A subjective broadside of how easy a firm can use assets from its primary mode of business and generate revenues. This term is also used as a general measure of a firms overall financial health over a given period of time, and can be used to compare similar firms across the identical industry or to compareindustries or sectors in aggregation. Methods of Financial perfomance Analysis Ratio Analysis This is the method in which the ratio between two or more variables related to the business is compared. There are many ratios used to analyze financial statements Liquidity Analysis Ratio For example, the net working capital ratio is metric between net working capital and add together assets. Profitability Analysis Ratio For example, return on assets ratio is calculated between net income and average total assets. Profit margin ratio is calculated between net income and sales. Earning per share is calculated between net income and number of nifty shar es. Activity Analysis Ratio For example, asset turnover ratio is calculated between sales and average total assets. Inventory turnover ratio is calculated between cost of goods sold and average inventories. Capital Structure Analysis Ratio The most important ratio is debt to equity ratio, which is calculated between total liabilities and total stock certificateholders equity. Capital Market Analysis Ratio For example, dividend ratio is calculated between annual dividends per common share and market price of common stock per share. All these ratios are collectively used to carry out the financial analysis of business to assess growth, profitability, and solvency of a business. Remember that ratio analysis is as important as horizontal and vertical analysis and must not be overlooked.

Food Security in India

Food protective covering is admittance to enough nutrient by all people at all time for an active and healthy life. In the past conpennyrated efforts were made to achieve food security by increasing food whit production. Thanks to the impact of green revolution though, it was limited to same crops and alike in limited states. To escort easy adit to food at household level, g all overnment monopolizes grain management and subsidized food gains. Paradoxically, India attained national food self-sufficiency 35 eld past yet about 35% of its population remains food insecure.Low in adopts and senior high food prices prevent individual food security. Another aspect of Indian food security situation is that after over three decades of operation, public distri justion system meets less than 10% of employment of PDS grains rice and wheat by the piteous. At the global level, poor harvest coup conduct with rising demand has led to and overall increase in food prices. Unfavorable weath er conditions in parts of Europe and North Africa, together with worst ever drought in Australia put stocks of major food crops, especially wheat, at record impoverished levels.Tight supply pushed up the prices of wheat to unprecedented heights, significantly affecting food inflation across the globe including India. Surging food grain prices and worsening global supplies atomic number 18 now bringing the domestic food crisis to the boil. The crisis has been building up for sometime. The food grains yields of India farmers are not going up. Grain output has been stagnating for over a decade and there is a growing gap between supply and demand. Attaining long-term food security requires the raising of incomes and making food affordable.To ensure food security for the vulnerable section of the society a multiple pronged stately is to be evolved. To begin with all the existing social base hit net programmes need amalgamation and should focus on vulnerable and underprivileged regio ns and groups. The existing anti-poverty programmes may be made more transparent with better political sympathies that minimizes leakages and benefits from such programmes. Simultaneously, agriculture needs to be reformed by improving incentives, incentives, increasing in vestment etc. So that production of traditional and high-value commodities can be change magnitude.Unfortunately agriculture is in the grip of poor performance. Traditional sources of augmenting income are ceresin. Production environment is changing it is not dominated by small holders. With the shoplifting land holdings, their sustainability and viability can not rely solely on production of food grains. To augment their income, small holders need to diversify their production and crops. Ten years after the dismantling of the universal public distribution system systems, the statistical jugglery of the targeted food distribution system actually excludes millions of poor in both the BPL and APL categories.Targeti ng is link up to neoli9beral policies that seek to limit, if not eliminate, the governments welfare responsibilities. The denial of the right to food for a large section of the Indian population reflected in increased malnourishment strutted growth, ill health and loss of energy and therefore productivity is an issue that deserves more national attention. If countries agree to be graded in harm of provision of food security to their citizens, India would rank along with Ethiopia at the lower end.The United Nations childrens fund report that tone out of every draw children in India in malnourished confirms the lopsided priorities of successive governments at the centre that seek to narrow fiscal deficits by reducing food subsidies. Until 1996, India has universal PDS. at that place it introduced the targeted system with the mistaken notion that the infirmities of the PDS should be curbed and that it would enable subsidized grain to reach those who actually needed it. India now ha s 10 years of experience of the targeted (into APL and BPL ouseholds with access to foodgrain at different prices) and further targeted (into BPL and Antyodaya households) system. Last year, the planning commission did an evolutions of the PDS and found that 57% of the poor hand been actually excluded from the BPL system. Earlier the Abhijit Sen committee had also come up with similar findings, pointing to the utter failure of the targeted system, and suggested a return to the universal PDS. For these schemes is a major problem. If only those who are officially identified as poor can leave access to food, then clearly the method has ensured accuracy.The prevailing method of identification is entirely unsatisfactory. There are two sets of estimates. The estimate that is link to allocations of foodgrain is made by the planning commission. According to a replay given in parliament, the present concept of the poverty line is based on the per capita consumption expenditure needed to a ttain a tokenish quantity of calorie intake out of food consumption along with a minimum amount of not-food expenditure in order to meet the requirements of clothing, shelter and transport, among other things.This is based on the methodology suggested by the Lakdawala committee in 1993 and the population projections of the registrar-general of India as of frame in 12000. Shockingly, according to the current assessments, it works out to around Rs. 11 an adult a day clearly this is not a poverty line but a destitution line. Earlier foodgrain allocations were not linked to poverty line assessments but were open-ended depending on past utilization by the states. The linkages came along with the targeted system. This creates some other anomaly.The verdant development ministry has set of programmes for BPL families. According to current estimates, 6 crore households in India come under the BPL category. That such a large number of people are earning less than Rs 330 a month is shocki ng enough. But what is cruel is that anyone earning above this meager monthly income is classified as APL and excluded from the right to subsidized foodgrain. The very nomenclature Above Poverty Line misleading because they include a vast section of poor who agree been denied their entitlements through statistical fraud and jugglery to serve a neoliberal agenda.The need for subsidized food grains for a wider section of people is also reflected in increased off take. While the off take in the Antyodaya system is around 90%, showing the desperate need of people for cheap foodgrain, the off take for BPL has doubled in the past few 73. 67 lakh tones to 228. 45 lakh tones in 2005-06 out of an allocation of 273. 20 lakh tones which constitutes 83%- of the allocation. As far as APL is concerned, the off take is more lower not because people do not need the grain but because for several years there was not much difference in the APL price and the market price.The cardinal issue price fo r wheat is Rs 7. 50 a kg. For rice the price range is from Rs 10 in Gujarat and Maharashtra for a kg to Rs 9 in Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. As current market prices of foodgrain have shot up, the demand for APL foodgrain will definitely increase but the poor offtake of the grain in the demand for APL foodgrain will definitely increase but the poor off take of the grains in the past few years is being cited by the government to cut allocations, precisely when people require it more.Since rise procurement is reportedly up by around 28 lakh tones, it is possible for the central government to replace wheat allocations will rise at least for the time being in consultation with the states. Instead of taking such a step, the Centre is proposing a cut in allocation. The demand for a revision of poverty assessment also needed. Secondly, the neglect of foodgrain production consequent to the new agrarian politys emphasis on export-oriented cash crops is a major reason for current shortfal ls in wheat production. The third Issue is that of procurement of wheat. stalk deficits to the extent of 29 lakh tones below the buffer stock norms leading to imports for the first time in decades are a result of the deliberate policy of the government to cut down procurement on the one hand and encourage private trade on the other. Big farmers who could hold on to their stocks would have benefited from the higher price offered later, but the bulk of the peasantry sold their produce to traders at price below the Rs 700 offered three week too late by the government, the FCI had been given the same leeway as private trade, then the present dismal record of low procurement could have been avoided.Shockingly, the government offered the Indian farmer some Rs 100 less than what it paid foreign trades. The concerning of the stock by private trade has permitted wheat hoarding, which has pushed market prices up by Rs 5-6 a kg. Decades of building a food security system can be wiped out by s uch neoliberal ideologies that undermine the principal of self-reliance. Besides, it reflects a naive belief that internationalistic prices will remain static whereas clearing international trades are waiting to maximize profits through wheat imports as higher, price to India.Further, a unsafe concession by way of lowering of phytosanitary standards in the quality of wheat is also being planned- This must be opposed strongly. India can spend thousands of crores to encourage itself through nuclear might but can render itself completely vulnerable by losing its greatest achievement, the backbone of sovereignty food self-sufficiency. With this approach, the situation on the rice front could follow a similar disastrous pattern in the future. It also raises the question of whether it is appropriate to combine the Agriculture Ministry with the food and everyday Distribution Ministry.Fourthly, the FCI is being weakened systematically. The employment schemes of Government, which offer p art of the payment in food grains. Play an important part in the provision of food security, through inadequate. The move to cut back on this component will also cut down on the real wages of the worker. With the current high prices of wheat and other essential commodities, What the worker grains in cash is less than what he/she has to pay for his/her foodgrain needs in the market. What needs to be done is reform the system whether of procurement agencies, the fair price shops or the methods of distribution but not to destroy them.But that is what the Food and existence Distribution Department seems to be proposing. People centered reform requires a return to the universal PDS. During periods of high inflation in food prices, governments must provide a basic minimum quantity of food grain and other food items at low prices through public distribution systems to low-income, food-insecure, and vulnerable populations. In India, the ostensible purpose of the Targeted Public Distribu tion System (TPDS) was to take food to the poor in practice, it has resulted in the large scale exclusion of the poor and food-insecure from the public food system.Recent separate from a report titled Public Distribution system and other Sources of Household Consumption 2004-5 (GOI. 2007), which presents data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey (NSS), establishes that targeting has led to high rates of exclusion of needy household from the Public Distribution System (PDS) and cleared deterioration of coverage in States like Kerala where the universal PDS was nigh effective. Let me illustrate with evidence from rural India. The recent report of the National Sample Survey gives us an insight into the magnitude and nature of this exclusion from the PDS.At the all-India level, 70. 5 per cent of rural households either feature no card or held an APL card. Since household with APL card are effectively excluded from the PDS, the majority of rural households in India are ex cluded from the PDS. The NSS Report also allows us to classify-by caste, occupation, land ownership and consumer expenditure category-the household that are excluded from the PDS. The NSS maintains five types of rural households, based on information on source of income self-employed (agriculture), self employed (non-agriculture), clownish repulse, other labour and other households.We focus on agricultural labour, since manual agricultural labour households are undoubtedly among those most in need of access to the PDS. The all India average indicates that 52percent of agricultural households either had no card or an APL card. The corresponding proportion was 96 per cent in Manipur, 68 per cent in Rajasthan and Assam, 71 per cent in Bihar and 73 percent in Uttar Pradesh. Can 70 per cent of agricultural labour households be considered as ineligible for the PDS?There were only four States in which two thirds or more of agricultural labour households were not excluded from the PDS (th at is, held a BPL or Antyodaya ration card). These States were Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir and Tripura. Secondly, we examine the social back-ground of households, focusing on schedule clique and Scheduled Treble households. We have selected only those States where the rural Scheduled Caste population is more than 10 percent of the total population. In rural areas, there is known to be substantial gunpoint of overlap between the Scheduled Caste status, blandness and poverty.The NSS data shows that 70 per cent or more of Scheduled Caste households had no card or an APL card in rural area of Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and Utter Pradesh. Among these states, only Punjab is a cereal-surplus State. At the all-India level, 60 per cent of the scheduled Caste households in rural areas were effectively excluded from the PDS. States with a lower degree of exclusion of Scheduled Caste households were Karnataka (27 per cent excluded), A ndhra Pradesh (31 per cent), and Kerala (38 per cent).A large number of households belonging to the Scheduled Tribes, Again, do not have access to the PDS to illustrate, 90 per cent of rural Scheduled Tribe households in Assam, 79 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh and 68 per cent in Chhattisgarh were excluded from the PDS. Surprisingly, the North Eastern Sates did not perform too well on this count (though again there may be a problem of data quality). There were only four states Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat and Maharashtra-where more than 50 per cent of rural Scheduled Tribe Households had received a BPL or Antyodaya card.The NSS report classifies households by the extent of land they have goted. It is not noted that land possessed refers to all types of land and includes agricultural land, homestead land and non-agricultural land. It is not surprising, then, that a very small proportion of households are reported as landless. I have therefore grouped together the two categories o f landless. Again, the conclusion is that a very high proportion of landless and near landless household did not possess BPL or Antyodaya cards (86 per cent in Sikkim, 80 percent Goa, 79 per in Uttar Pradesh. 6 per cent in Haryana, 75 per cent in Jharkhand, and 74 per cent in Uttaranchal, for example) and were thus effectively excluded from the PDS. In striving for efficiency by means of narrow targeting households that should be entitled to basic food security through the PDS have been left out. The data from the 61st round of the NSS make it quite clear that a high proportion of agricultural labour and other labour households, of households belonging to Scheduled Caste and the scheduled Tribes, of households with little or no land and households in the lowest expenditure classes, are effectively excluded from the PDS today.

Defining the Humanities Essay

After reading this weeks lecture and my envisioning of what humanities are is the study of what people imbibe experienced and how they express this experience. Humanities are how people have interacted throughout their existence and how people interact instantly. Humanities are the study of the philosophical beliefs of a culture. The philosophical approach to understanding a culture is what separates humanities from science and history. Science and history are exact and rarely are open for ponder once it is proven to be fact.Science will set outto prove its point, whatever it may be, through precise calculations. Science also studies possibleness and probability. Science lacks imagination in their calculations whereas humanities use imagination to understand past culture. Science wants to prove how people came to exist whereas humanities seek to understand why people exist. explanation is different from humanities because history studies documentation as facts and undisputable regarding what happened. Humanities seek to answer why it happened and to understand it.History was recorded in books inlibraries, Humanities are written on walls in caves or in the design contained in buildings. Today cultures express their interests, their experiences, and their set through many forms such as art, music, and mental pictures. Sharing experiences is perhaps the most basic form of explaining who people are. By sharing these experiences in the forms of art, music, and movies, it allows us to look at information close us through our creativity. In todays culture these tierce forms of expression allow people to show their individuality and to refer with many on different levels.Art takes many forms and is interpreted by an individual differently. Colors and design reflect our feelings. Black and white expresses loneliness and torture whereas bright colors express happiness. A painting for example, allows an artist to express themselves in a way he or she feels. I t is their visualization of their thoughts (Kitchin, 2004). Society looks at the painting and is free to interpret it their way. One person may see happiness whereas another sees sadness. A picture of time square could mean topsy-turvyness and seem overwhelming to one from a rural areawhere someone from a city sees everything he or she needs. People continue to express themselves with music. The meanings potty the words of the songs often come from the feelings and the experiences of the author. It is the responsibility of the musician to express those feelings and experiences through sound. Music with soul (Hakes, 2011). Music has been very important to our culture. Think of how important the Beatles were to humanity or even the Grateful Dead. My personal favorite band is Linkin Park. They are my favorite because I can relate my life to the words of their song.Their music attracts those delimit THE HUMANITITES 3 who appear to be weak or who do not appear to be societies stronge st. Their song The Little Things Give You Away was written about Hurricane Katrina. The devastation from Hurricane Katrina was widespread devastation. Their song attempts to reflect through music the pain and suffering affected by it. Movies are much like music except instead of only simply able to hear words and visualize it the movies create the visualization for the person. Movies use categorization such as romance, action, and drama.Movies based on real life events attempt to capture those events and explain them. Movies can show the romance side of a situation or even the heroics. The recent movie Argo is about the falling of the United States Embassy in Iran, which was overrun. This movie reflects the horror that six members went through while showing the heroics of a CIA member to return the members of the Embassy to the United States. These three forms of expression will continue to exist as time continues. They are acceptable means ofexpressions and are a very important pa rt of todays society.All three bring joy to people and if capable a person can express him or herself like none before. define THE HUMANITITES 4 References Kitchin, M. (2004). Art and expression. Retrieved from http//www. students. sbc. edu/kitchin04/artandexpression/artandexpression. html Hakes, T. (2011, March 11). Music as expression vs. music as entertainment. Retrieved from http//abovegroundmagazine. com/blogs/letter-from-the-editor/03/15/music-as-expression-vs- music-as-entertainment/

Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning

University of Zimbabwe Graduate School of Management *Marketing Ma*nagement interrogation Kotler (1988) has stated that The heart of modern strategic grocery store can be described as STP segmenting, targeting and place. Discuss this statement utilize appropriate examples. portal Market segmentation By definition market segmentation is the division of a market into different groups of customers with similar needfully.Or to express it in some other way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, and each has common characteristics and needs and displays similar response to marketing actions. In essence it is the process of dividing a varied and differing group of buyers or potential buyers into smaller groups, within which broadly similar patterns of buyers exist. (Wilson and Gilligan, 2007, p. 318). There be some(prenominal) ways in which companies can segment their markets.Just as you can divide an orange up i nto segments you can divide the population as a whole into different groups of people or segments that befuddle something in common. Marketers therefore look for variables they can use to divide up the population. According to Kotler (1997) the commonly employ variables are Geographic segmentation, demographic segmentation, psychographic segmentation and behavioural segmentation. Products can be aimed at a lifestyle. People are grouped according to the way they touch their lives and the attitudes they share. For example, young professionals whitethorn drive a free reins car because of the image they want to portray.Married parents might want the same things, but have to provide for their children, which is a large extra cost. They will need a family car to suit their lifestyle. Thus you will find a couple that has just married and have no children, will go for a Mazda 3, while older couples with three or so children will go for a Mazda BT-50 because it is bigger and can retain the whole family. However the range and variety of marketing decisions suggest that any attempt to use a single basis for segmentation may solving in incorrect marketing decisions as well as a waste of resources.Thus increasingly today you will find marketing strategies combination two or more basis for segmentation of their market. TARGETING Once the firm is satisfied that the segments warrants attention there are various ways in which a firm can then target a market. The first is a single merchandise offering. In other words, the marketer targets a single output offering at a single segment in a market with many segments. For example, British Airways Concorde is a high appraise product aimed specifically at business people and tourists willing to pay more for speed.Identifying marketing targets enables organisations to find opportunities and tap into them. It gives firms the information needed to focus on the buyers that are interested in what they have to offer. This saves b oth time and money in an ever-changing society. However if you pursue one segment of your target market and the demand for your product decreases, so will your financial strength. In essence, you are putting all your eggs in one basket. When your firm becomes well set up in a particular market segment, it may be difficult for you to move to another segment. This may occur due to your market reputation or popularity.For example, if Lorimark HR Consultants becomes known for helping college graduates find jobs, unemployed professionals may perceive them as only having the expertise to serve that market. Another downside of target marketing may that a large segment of the population may be left out in the cold. Though demographics and segmentation might give an overall attitude of the intended market, consumer spending habits change greatly, depending on trends and economic factors. With society taking on more of a unisex lifestyle businesses should be careful when using for example g ender to target market.An example of a product that was traditionally targeted at women and is now being targeted with variations in strategy at men is pilus colouring. Men now pay particular attention to their hair in much the same way as woman. Thus target marketing should be done with extra care taking into account all factors that may have an effect on the organizations profitability and the perception or position it wants to create in the market. POSITIONING Thus positioning is all about perception and is inextricably linked to segmentation. It cannot be defined until the market has been shared out into unique segments, and target segments have been selected.As perception differs from person to person, so do the results of the positioning map. Positioning reflects the place a product occupies in a market or segment. A successful position has characteristics that are both differentiating and serious to consumers and the characteristic may or may not reflect reality. A positio n is effectively built by communicating a consistent message to consumers about the product and where it fits into the market in terms of the features, performance, quality, conformance, durability, reliability, style and founding through advertising, brand name, and packaging and all the other elements of marketing mix. Kotler, 1997, p. 301) For years OK Zimbabwe has constantly and consistently bombarded the straitss of consumers with the message . where your money buys you more. Thereby creating in the mind of the consumer that OK has the best prices and your dollar with OK can take you a long way. Another example will be that of Colgate and Surf by Unilever, these products are stuck in the minds of consumers (positioned), such that if someone is buying any other toothpaste or washing powder, not necessarily Colgate or surf, they will still refer to the product as Colgate or surf respectively. It is the product in mind of the consumers.That is positioning. What is our current position? What does the space look like what are the most important dimensions in the category? What are the other products in that space and where are they? What are the gaps, unfilled positions or holes in the category? Which dimensions are most important? How do these attitudes differ by market segment? What position do we want to have? Some of the positioning opportunities for a product hold Finding an unmet consumer needs or at least one that is not being adequately met now by completion? Identifying product strength that is both unique and important. ascertain how to correct a product weakness and thereby enhance a products appeal. For example Ponds new and improved. Changing consumer usage patterns to include different or additional uses for the product. Identifying market segments, which represent the best targets for a product. How do we create a new positioning? Physical product differences. Communications- conclusion a memorable and meaningful way to describe the Posi tioning is not what you do to a product positioning is what you do to the mind of the prospect. (www. s-m-a-r-t. com/Exp_brandpros. ) Accessed 3 kinsfolk 2009.Other questions that the marketer should contend with in terms of positioning are whom do I have to defeat to own the position, do I have the resources to do it, can I persist until I get there and are my tactics supporting the positioning objectives I have set. The positioning map below will show how the motor industry positions their products in the market. Positioning map +High (price) From the above positioning map it can be concluded that products tend to bunch in the high price/low providence (fast) sector and also in the low price/high economy sector. There is an opportunity in the low price/low economy (fast) sector.Maybe Hyundai or Kia can consider introducing a low cost sport saloon. However it is all down to the perception of the market about the product. Conclusion Undertaking a Segmentation, Targeting and Positi oning process is probably one of the most important processes management should undertake both at the onset of a new offer creation as well as part of a day-to-day revision of the portfolio of offers and strategies used by organization. A market research is always the starting point in the STP process otherwise the organizations resources will be misdirected. References Aaker A. David, (1995).Strategic Market Management, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Armstrong J. Scott, (2006). Strategic Marketing Management A Business Process Approach. Brand pros available at http/www. s-m-a-r-t. com/Exp_brandpros. Accessed 3 September 2009. Grahame Dowling, (2004). Creating Corporate Reputation. Identity, Image and performance. Oxford University Press Inc. Kotler P, (1997). Marketing Management, Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control, 9TH Edition, Prentice Hall. Malcolm H. B. McDonald, (1996) Marketing Plans, How to prepare them how use them, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann. Wi lson and Gilligan

Existentialism and Human Nature Essay

Absolute individuality and absolute stilldom the basis of in all existentialist arguments. The existentialists conceptions arise from their held views that since we atomic number 18 all ultimately alone, we have absolute freedom over our nature. Existentialists emphasize the free and conscious self-importance which opponents constantly attack, exclaiming that there is a higher power enabling our consciousness. But are humans so simple? Can things be explained simply on blaming ourselves or another being for our nature?The existentialist generally believes in a sole existence meaning that we are alone in the world, and that we have no one but ourselves. They also believe in the human beings capacity to feel more than one agreeable of pain, and that there are three different levels to our pain, physical, psychological, and emotional. All of these types of pain can cause us to become irrational and loathsome. But are we really anxious because of this pain, or is it because we ulti mately feel alone? And if we are all individuals, can we really feel the same kind of pain as someone else?organism precedes essence is also dominant in the mind and thoughts of the existentialist. That is, the idea that we are born into this world without a pre heady nature, and only later in smell do we shape out nature through actions and choices. This opposes the traditional view that is that essence precedes existence, according to which we are seen as having a purpose, and values, all of which is determined ahead birth. (I personally think that the idea of essence preceding existence is rather obscure. There is no way that our values and purpose can be determined by genetic code. DNA is what we are, not who we are.)Existentialists pose another question to the opposition how can we be happy in a world spare of significance and meaning? The loss of external values allows us to derive value from within ourselves. This value is greater than any imposed by out of doors forces, and thus cannot be taken away from said sources. Although many human beings live a life devoid of true happiness, it does not mean that we are incapable of attaining such a goal. If a person finds the meaning for their life, whether it be one meaning, or many, there is a large chance that they can earn such a utopia without recognizing outside influences. People of different viewpoints follow different methods, as well as believe in different forces that shape our nature.It is in my opinion, as well as that of the existentialist, that we shape our own nature through decisions and actions made by our own free will that we are ultimately free to act independently from the influences of outside forces. That we can ultimately ignore the views imposed on us, and achieve a sustainable level of happiness in the process. world nature is a frail thing people are just looking for someone else to blame for their actions and for who they are, even when there isnt any. Therefore, there is no o ne to blame for who we are, but ourselves.

Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay

Humanitys attempts to study the state of society have stretched hind end throughout the ages. From forefathers such as Socrates or Aristophanes to the great enlightenment philosophers of Locke or Voltaire, all have grappled with the fountainheads of how public best functions as a collective. John Stuart Mill, hailed as a paradigmatic liberal political philosopher, continues this tradition of thought in his work On freedom published in 1859. Mills major argument made is that the individual is sovereign in their carry outs insofar as they do non cite upon the rights of others.His justifications centre strongly on the principles of usefulism, providing a model he believes to offer the great happiness to the greatest weigh. Through specific analysis it dejection be seen that he optimizes societal benefit by placing aftermath on individuality but conversely justifying exactly when governance and restraint need to be exercised. Overall, his conclusions be an attempt to unify two competing social factors, individual self-direction against circumstances in which power can be exerted over a nonher, articulated in what has become known as the harm principle.The first-class honours degree and most fundamental principle Mill holds is out roued in the introductory chapter and describes the necessity for man to be free over Over himself, over his own body and mind (Mill, 1859 31). Individual independence is non only considered personally fulfilling, but also beneficial to the progress of civilisation for Mankind are greater gainers by suffering separately other to live as seems fair to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest (Mill, 1859 33).It is important to note that Mill does not endorse independence of expression for its own sake but for the greater purpose of stimulating discourse His argument for liberty of expression is in fact an argument for liberty of discussion (Larvor, 2006 3) To support his claims, he highlight s three main(a) freedoms in order of importance. Firstly, the freedom of thought itself should be unrestricted second we should have the freedom to be tastes to suit our own character (Mill, 1859 33) regardless of whether social convention deemsotherwise lastly, the freedom for citizens to unite, providing such action will not harm others. This idea of the harm principle is prominent in On Liberty for each of these freedoms are subject to the overarching rule that liberty is complete so long as it does not without justifi satisfactory ca part, do harm to others (Mill 1859 72). He also notes that it is obvious that freedom of thought and of the mind does not directly correlate to freedom of action, for No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions (Mill 1859 72).He bases this on the logic that if ones free actions impinge upon anothers happiness, then the affected partys own freedom is violated, outweighing the benefits of the first individuals liberty. His conclusion is on that pointfore that in things which do not primarily c erstrn others, individuality should assert itself (1859 73). This reasoning is fundamentally based in utilitarianism, which Mill is a eminent proponent of, as the key deciding factor needs to be maximum joyousness for minimum harm. The harm principle is the essential restraining factor on an individuals calculus of liberty however Mill is not so blindingly liberal that he does not acknowledge the importance of brass in maintaining social stability. In fact, Mills definition of liberty itself is intimately linked with dogmatic intervention for he takes liberty to be the absence of human interference with the individuals actions (Crocker, 1980 1). Again, utility becomes the object of question in deciding how pervasive governing bodies ought be. Mill contends, the sole end for which mankind are warranted, apiece or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protectionHis own good, every physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. It is here where Mill refers to the idea of tyranny of the profound age, that pressure from the masses can be as pervasive as an oppressive state for there is more intangible a difficulty in arguing against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling. (Mill, 1859 7) besides here it is apparent that Mill defends the use of public pressure to control offensive opinion. Where then is the line drawn regarding what is unique, individual and valuable thought, and what is deemed inappropriate? While Mills consistent self-criticism often enriches his argument, there are contradictory moments wherein his expressions are not only ambiguous, but contradictory (Parker, 1865 5).The idea of utility is once again at play, however Mills contradictions destabilise hismain point being that the use of outside force can be used defensively against anothers individuality if it would endeavor anothers liberty harm. As well as discussing and arguing Mill offers a number of disclaimers in his argument including the inapplicability of children or those who require the care of others and also backward states of society in which the melt itself may be considered as in its nonage (Mill, 1859 14).He also notes that a person A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inactivity such as failing to help save a person when they are directly able to but choose against it. This idea has been argued against extensively in modern debate, particularly on a legal level. Many states, Australia amongst them, require no duty or obligation to act in such a way, the rationale being the protection of the autonomy (Edelman, 2011 2).Liberty is irrevocably violated if one has no choice in a matter, even if that matter may be for social good. In an attempt to promote utilitarianism and depict an argument that supports social wellbeing, Mill has contradicted his own seemingly inviolate idea of individual sovereign ty. Another electronic jamming in his discourse is that There seems then no obstacle in principle within utilitarian morality to a policy which indeed prevents harm but at the expense of the most prefatory interests of a minority (Gray, 2003 7).Once more the tyranny of the majority is at question and Mills regard for individuality is destabilized by the conflicting interest of utilitarianism. It is apparent that Mills account is not watertight and this is acknowledged with the criticism On Liberty has received. In essence Mill concerns himself with the struggle among authority and liberty, (Mill, 1859 3) as the essential factors to be balanced in order to maintain stable society. On an individual level, liberty is restrained by the harm principle and on a social bed sheet governance and public pressure control it. Beyond these factors, individuality is considered a sacred thing, which should be embraced for the good of progress. His entire theory is grounded solidly in utilitari an ideals, whereby social progression and greatest satisfaction is the primary goal. While a number of contentious arise throughout Mills discussions, overall the arguments are crystalline and coherent. On Liberty will continue to be an iconic if not contentious piece in political literature, as will most social theory which has been and will come in the future. deferred payment ListEdelman, James. 2011. Change of position A defence of unjust disenrichment (presented at the launch of the Restatement (Third) Restitution and partial Enrichment, Boston University Law School 16-17 September 2011) Gray, John and Smith, G.W., eds. 2002. JS Mills On Liberty In Focus. London Routeledge Gray, John. 1983. Mill On Liberty. A DefenceGray, John. 1979. John Stuart Mill Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations. literary productions of Liberty 2(2) 7-37Hayek, F.A. 2011. The Constitution of Liberty. New York The University of Chicago Press. Larvor, Brendan. 2006. Mill on Liberty of Thought and parole in John Stuart Mill On Liberty Discussions (British Humanist Association). Mill, John Stuart. (1859). On Liberty. London Cambridge University Press.

Environmental Determinism and Possibilism

surroundingsal Determinism and Possibilism Shaping and Reshaping life-time Since the Beginning of Time Possibilism and environmental Determinism, both completely different in theory, and yet so actually linked in purpose. Environmental Determinism is the idea that the environment shapes its inhabitants, and will or will non forget for them to accomplish their goals. While Possibilism is the idea that worldly concern for this example it will be routinely mankind and not another speciescan accomplish their goal(s) because it is possible or could become possible with assistance, such as training, tools, equipment, alter environmental gear, etc.These two ideas can be almost as conflict-ridden as Creationism and Evolution, with both sides of the fight drawing off lines in the sand and rallying behind them. Hopefully the reader of this essay will find that Environmental determinism and Possibilism may have different theories, but are not so different when considered towards a probl ems offshoot and ultimately its end.Examples of Environmental Determinism could be tropical viruses that cannot flourish outside tropical zones, bananas and their inability to thrive course in Vermont, humans not macrocosm able to breathe under irrigate, and amusingly pigs not being able to fly. All of these examples are limited to where and what they can do because they cannot escape their environment, as it has shaped them as much as they it. Humans are a terrestrial species, meaning we live and exist on solid land above sea level.Our bodies have shaped themselves to this environment and we will shape the environment back to continue this trait, thus the chances of humans developing gills for water breathing are ridiculously unlikely without a decidedly massive environmental change and a possibly forced evolution to reconcile to said new environment. Being concerned with environmental changes and the need to change or adapt, the theory of Possibilism comes into view. Possibil ism revolves nigh using what is available, and with ingenuity and/or technology m kindredg it accomplish what was previously impossible.Possibilism could be a skillset that MacGuiver apply frequently, as he would accomplish great feats with the available resources and creativity. Possibilism for the previous tropical virus could involve mutations, or its hosts living in less hospitable regions such as Siberia- but within selective inhabitable environments like hospitals and other areas that remained relatively temperate. Sometimes it is not about adapting to the environment and thriving, but surviving yearn enough until you can stabilize or at least live.Man was not made to breath water and live under the oceans, its currently impossible. Yet through the use of diving equipment and specialized living environments and vehicles, mankind can temporarily swim among the fish and live among the currents of the seas. Once the temporary assistance is not ask or has been fully integrate d and is now a permanent art of the solution and the normal environments, Environmental Determinism will return and set the rules again until the next required changes.Environmental Determinism can be viewed as a beginning, like publicism, where it shapes and molds its creations to the confines of the strict, limited or only environments allocated. But Possibilism is part of the problem solving portion, where the creation adapts to new environments or factors, failing or thriving until it ultimately dies or thrives under pressure. Those individuals and groups that survive and thrive, akin to the idea of evolution per se, will than pass on their skills to the following generations until a new factor arises and the completely cycle repeats again.

Chick Webb

In a genre as widely popular and influential as jazz, even some of the some well-respected musicians could f solely through the cracks in terms of being a mainstream legend. This is not a revelation of a statement on its avow, as this was the story for many a musician. The cause could be simply be a casualty of overshadowing during the jazz/golf stroke craze, not being terribly innovative, or not having a string of mop ups. Some of these causes even afflicted the subject of this paper. However, it was another operator that makes his story so interesting, in so far tragic.Not every artist could be etched in legend such as figures like Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington, or have his music played all over like Benny Goodman. But shuttle Webbs impact on some(prenominal) the music, culture and technique regarding the drums were and still are well-respected in the jazz scene, disrespect some of the factors that would hold him back from being a transcendent star. The story of Chick Webb has to begin with the factor that held him back the most and is also the first to afflict him. Despite his disputed birth date, Chick was born(p) in Baltimore, Maryland to William H. and Marie Johnson Webb.William Henry Webb, his birth name, was born with spinal tuberculosis, a condition that would negatively postulate him his whole life and ultimately cost him his life. So how does peerless manage all this pain, let totally become the greatest jazz drummer in history? For starters, the idea of playing the drums came from his doctor. The intent was that the rapid course of the limbs that is required by the drums would loosen up his stiff limbs and lessen the pain. With the appeal of the instruments recreational and medicinal apparent, a young Webb would become a newspaper boy with the sole goal of saving up adequate money to buy a drum set.Until then, Webb would settle for the bottom of overturned garbage cans to whet his appetite. By 11 years old, Webb would have his dru m set and by 17 years old, he had go to New York City to pursue his dream of being a player in the jazz majuscule of the world. Chick Webb began playing in New York night clubs as soon as he arrived in 1924. Clubs such as the Paddock Club and the Black Bottom took him in, reference by none other than Duke Ellington, who promptly recognized his talent. Ellington would become an important figure in Webbs life, both as a mentor and a rival, further down the line.Noting his dominant skill and strong personality, Ellington would encourage Webb to form and lead his own small rope. Webb would do just that by forming the Harlem Stoppers, a quintet that would go on to supply the withdraw for agitate music in the era known as the Harlem Renaissance. His skills were rare, and considered ideal to fuel the upbeat one thousand of deletion music and provide a drive to the music that could rarely be matched. Naturally, this skill became promptly recognized all over the city, leading to th e expansion of the Harlem Stoppers, who would now be known as the Chick Webb Orchestra.Webbs status as a successful musician was cemented when his band was selected as the house band of the Savoy Ballroom, a known venue located in Harlem. He would be the face of the venue until his final years. Based solely off their own merits, the Chick Webb Orchestra was a highly regarded band. But what do the band legendary in its own right was their willingness to accept challengers in what was known as cufftin sessions, or battles of the bands. Many good, however ordinary jazz bands attempted to challenge the great Chick Webb Orchestra, only to be blown out of the ballroom.However, when then-King of Swing Benny Goodman and his band arrived to challenge Webbs, Chick began to finally film some acclaim from outside of New York. In New York, over 9,000 people came to see this historical event, 5,000 of them standing outside just to have the chance of possibly hearing the monumental clash th at was to satiate place. And when the opportunity arose for Webb and his band to make a statement, they did so in force. Performing first, Goodmans orchestra performed honorably as many expected from a unit of their stature.But when Webbs crew began, the outcome would become obvious. With the roar of the group Webbs orchestra, they would end up blowing Benny Goodmans band out of the ballroom just as he did all the other bands before him that challenged him. His driving sounds often over-powered other bands, playing into the hard swing of his orchestra. Gene Krupa, a legendary drummer in his own right and drummer for Goodmans band noted that Webb cut me to ribbons It was this moment where Webb was crowned King of Swing and undoubtedly King of the Savoy.Other legendary challengers such as Count Basie (who played Webb to a draw at the very least), Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington would test the mettle of the Chick Webb Orchestra, but none would diminish his status as one of the preeminent bandleaders and musicians of the time. Like most famous muscians of the time, Webb began to playscript his work, beginning in 1927. However, his powerful sound was difficult to criminal record cleanly without drowning out the full theme of the work. This forced im to tone down his sound and let the rest of the music even out, possibly fall his fame. However, in circles within the music industry, Webbs talent and influence did not go unnoticed. When Decca Records formed in 1934, Webb signed to the label and made his most famous recordings, almost all of which featuring Ella Fitzgerald as the singer. Webb initially demoralized the inclusion of Fitzgerald as she did not fit the image of the typical lead vocalist for a swing band. However, once he heard her voice, she would become the lead vocalist for Chick Webbs Orchestra.This addition skyrocketed the careers of both artist, transforming Fitzgerald into a bonafide superstar following the success of their top hit togethe r, Fitzgeralds rendition of A-tisket, A-Tasket. As the quintessential swing artist, Webbs sound merged perfectly with Fitzgerald, so much so that she became known as the premier(prenominal) Lady of Swing. Unfortunately, one could say the vast popularity of Fitzgerald would often overshadow Webb, especially true on recordings. What made it worse for Chick Webb, was the timing of his newfound popularity. In 1938, not too long afterward the instant success of A-tisket, A-tasket, Webbs health began to fail.Webb had been playing through pain his entire career, often going away the stage exhausted. But this time, his spinal condition became more serious and restricted him from playing to a meter that he deemed fit for his fans. Seeking relief, Webb would return to Baltimore for a major operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Sadly, Webb would never afford the hospital, dying at just 34 years old. Reportedly, his last words were to his mother, saying Im sorry, Ive got to go. The respect the jazz scene had for Chick Webb was obvious at his funeral, where the top musicians of the time all came to pay their respects.The general public also came in full force, so much so that the perform where the services were being held could not contain them all, and the procession was composed of almost 80 cars. As one of the few prominent drummer-led swing bands, Webbs impact is almost always understated. Be it because his lack of hit records as the frontman, a result of Ella Fitzgeralds popularity or the eras inability to properly record his talent, or his shortened lifespan, Chick Webb has become a somewhat forgotten name to the mainstream, despite his legendary status within the jazz culture.But due to his influential style, and his battles against some of the more marquee names in jazz/swing, Chick Webb will never be forgotten. Works Cited Fritts, Ron, and Ken Vail. Ella Fitzgerald The Chick Webb Years & beyond. Lanham, MD Scarecrow, 2003. Print. McDonough, John. CHICK WEBB T HE MATRIX. Down Beat 77. 8 (2010) 37. Downbeat. com. Down Beat, Aug. 2010. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. . Sandler, Gilbert. Webb Won the Battle of the Bands. Baltimore Sun.N. p. , 28 Apr. 1992. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. . Teichroew, Jacob. Artist Profile Swing Drummer and Bandleader Chick Webb. About. com Jazz. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. . Turner, Nathaniel. Chick Webb Bio. Chick Webb Bio. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Oct. 2012. .